63 Amendments of Marco AFFRONTE related to 2013/0443(COD)
Amendment 63 #
Proposal for a directive
Recital 8 a (new)
Recital 8 a (new)
(8a) This Directive should contribute to the reduction of mercury emissions in the EU as required by the 2005 Community Strategy on Mercury and the Minamata Convention on Mercury to which Member States and the Union are parties.
Amendment 69 #
Proposal for a directive
Recital 9
Recital 9
(9) Member States should comply with the emission reduction commitments set out in this Directive for 2020 and 2030. So as to ensure demIn order to limit the atmospheric emissions of air pollutants and to effectively constrable progress towards the 2030 commitments, Member States should meet intermediate emission levels in 2025, set on the basis of a linear trajectory between their emission levels for 2020 and those defined by the emission reduction commitments for 2030, unless this would entail disproportionate costs. Where the 2025 emissions cannot be so limited, Member States should explain the reasons in their reports under this Directiveibute to the Union objective of achieving air quality that does not give rise to significant negative impacts on and risks to health, and to reducing the levels deposition of acidifying and eutrophying pollutants below critical loads and levels, binding national emission reduction commitments are set in this Directive for 2020, 2025 and 2030.
Amendment 100 #
Proposal for a directive
Recital 12 a (new)
Recital 12 a (new)
(12a) Environmental inspections and market surveillance are needed in order to ensure the effectiveness of this Directive and of measures adopted pursuant to the achievement of its objectives. Member States should ensure that sufficient resources are available to carry out inspections and market surveillance effectively.
Amendment 107 #
Proposal for a directive
Recital 13
Recital 13
(13) In order to reduce atmospheric NH3, CH4 and PM2,5 emissions from the main contributors, national air pollution control programmes should include measures applicable to the agricultural sector. Member States should be entitled to implement measures other than those set out in this Directive with an equivalent level of environmental performance owning to specific national circumstances.
Amendment 108 #
Proposal for a directive
Recital 13 a (new)
Recital 13 a (new)
(13a) In order to reduce emissions from the main contributors, national air pollution control programmes should include measures applicable to the all relevant sectors, including agriculture, industry, road transport, non-road mobile machinery, inland and domestic shipping, domestic heating and solvents. Member States should be entitled to implement measures other than those set out in this Directive with an equivalent level of environmental performance owning to specific national circumstances.
Amendment 119 #
Proposal for a directive
Recital 20 a (new)
Recital 20 a (new)
(20a) In accordance with the Aarhus Convention on access to information, public participation in decision-making and access to justice in environmental matters and the case law of the European Court of Justice, the public should be given wide access to justice in order to ensure the effective implementation and enforcement of this Directive and to contribute to the protection of the right to live in an environment which is adequate for human health and well-being.
Amendment 127 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 1 – paragraph 1 a (new)
Article 1 – paragraph 1 a (new)
This Directive aims at limiting atmospheric emissions of acidifying and eutrophying pollutants, ozone precursors, primary particulate matter and precursors of secondary particulate matter and other air pollutants, thereby contributing to: (a) the Union's long-term objective of achieving levels of air quality that do not give rise to significant negative impacts on and risks to human health and the environment, in line with guidelines of the World Health Organisation; (b) the achievement of EU biodiversity and ecosystem objectives by reducing the levels and deposition of acidifying and eutrophying pollutants, and other pollutants, including ground-level ozone, below critical loads and levels; (c) the achievement of the air quality objectives set in Union legislation; (d) the mitigation of climate change impacts by reducing emissions of short- lived climate pollutants; (e) the improvement of air quality globally.
Amendment 138 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 3 – paragraph 1 – point 12 a (new)
Article 3 – paragraph 1 – point 12 a (new)
12a. "the public concerned" means the public affected or likely to be affected by, or having an interest in, emissions of air pollution into the atmosphere; for the purposes of this definition, non- governmental organisations promoting environmental protection, consumer organisations, organisations representing the interests of vulnerable populations and other relevant health-care bodies meeting requirements under national law shall be deemed to have an interest.
Amendment 149 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 4 – paragraph 1
Article 4 – paragraph 1
1. Member States shall, as a minimum, limit their annual anthropogenic emissions of sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile organic compounds other than methane (NMVOC), ammonia (NH3), particulate matter (PM2,5) and, methane (CH4) and mercury (Hg) in accordance with the national emission reduction commitments applicable from 2020, 2025 and 2030, as laid down in Annex II.
Amendment 154 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 4 – paragraph 1 a (new)
Article 4 – paragraph 1 a (new)
1a. Member States shall take all the necessary measures to limit their 2020 anthropogenic emissions of CH4. The levels of those emissions shall be determined by a linear reduction trajectory established between their emission levels for 2005 and the emission levels defined by the emission reduction commitments for 2025.
Amendment 155 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 4 – paragraph 1 b (new)
Article 4 – paragraph 1 b (new)
1b. National emissions of SO2, NOx, VOC and NH3 from 2020 onwards shall not exceed the national emission ceilings set in Directive 2001/81/EC for 2010.
Amendment 159 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 4 – paragraph 2
Article 4 – paragraph 2
Amendment 185 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 4 – paragraph 3 – point d
Article 4 – paragraph 3 – point d
(d) emissions from international maritime traffic, without prejudice to Article 5(1).
Amendment 200 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 5 – paragraph 2
Article 5 – paragraph 2
Amendment 210 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 5 – paragraph 3
Article 5 – paragraph 3
Amendment 220 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 5 – paragraph 4
Article 5 – paragraph 4
4. Members States that intend to apply paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 shall inform the Commission by 30 September of the year preceding the reporting year concerned. That information shall include the pollutants and sectors concerned and, where available, the magnitude of the impacts upon national emission inventories.
Amendment 223 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 5 – paragraph 5 – subparagraph 1
Article 5 – paragraph 5 – subparagraph 1
The Commission, assisted by the European Environment Agency, shall review and assess whether the use of any of the flexibilitiesy for a particular year fulfils the relevant requirements and criteria.
Amendment 233 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 6 – paragraph 1
Article 6 – paragraph 1
1. Member States shall draw up and adopt a national air pollution control programme in accordance with Part 2 of Annex III in order to limit their annual anthropogenic emissions in accordance with Article 4, and to achieve the objectives of the Directive pursuant to Article 1.
Amendment 240 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 6 – paragraph 2 – subparagraph 1 – point b
Article 6 – paragraph 2 – subparagraph 1 – point b
(b) take account of the needensure sufficient measures to reduce air pollutant emissions for the purpose of reaching compliance with air quality objectives in their territories and, where appropriate in neighbouring Member States;
Amendment 253 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 6 – paragraph 2 – subparagraph 1 – points d a – d c (new)
Article 6 – paragraph 2 – subparagraph 1 – points d a – d c (new)
(da) quantify the additional emission reductions needed in order to meet ambient air quality levels equal to or below the levels recommended by the World Health Organisation by 2030; (db) quantify the additional emission reductions needed in order to reach the critical levels and loads for the protection of the environment by 2030; (dc) identify relevant measures to meet the objectives referred to in (e) and (f).
Amendment 255 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 6 – paragraph 2 – subparagraph 1 – point d b (new)
Article 6 – paragraph 2 – subparagraph 1 – point d b (new)
(db) contain specific policies and measures to protect the health of children, elderly people and other sensitive groups and to ensure compliance with the Exposure Reduction Target established in accordance with Section B of Annex XIV of Directive 2008/50/EC;
Amendment 257 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 6 – paragraph 2 – subparagraph 1 – point d c (new)
Article 6 – paragraph 2 – subparagraph 1 – point d c (new)
(dc) ensure coherence with relevant plans or programmes subject to the requirements of Directive 2001/42/EC;
Amendment 258 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 6 – paragraph 2 – subparagraph 1 – point d d (new)
Article 6 – paragraph 2 – subparagraph 1 – point d d (new)
(dd) lay down a system of routine and non-routine environmental inspections and market surveillance of mobile and stationery sources to ensure that policies and measures are effective in delivering emission reductions under real operating conditions.
Amendment 264 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 6 – paragraph 2 – subparagraph 2
Article 6 – paragraph 2 – subparagraph 2
Member States shall, to the extent necessary, include the emission reduction measures laid down in Parts 1-6 of Annex III or measures having equivalent environmental effect, with a viewin order to meeting the relevant national emission reduction commitments. Or. en (Number of parts in Annex III to be adjusted to the outcome of the vote.)
Amendment 280 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 6 – paragraph 4 – point b
Article 6 – paragraph 4 – point b
(b) Member States decide to make use of any of the flexibilitiesy set out in Article 5.
Amendment 283 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 6 – paragraph 5
Article 6 – paragraph 5
5. Member States shall consult, in accordance with relevant Union legislation, the public andensure that members of the public, including non- governmental organisations promoting environmental protection, consumer organisations, organisations representing the interests of sensitive populations and other relevant health-care bodies are given early and effective opportunities to participate in the preparation and modification or review of national air pollution control programmes prior to their finalisation. Member States shall also consult those competent authorities, which, by reason of their specific environmental responsibilities in the field of air pollution, quality and management at all levels, are likely to be concerned by the implementation of the national air pollution control programmes, on their draft national air pollution control programme and any significant updates prior to their finalisation. Where appropriate, tTransboundary consultations shall be ensured in accordance with relevant Union legislation, including Article 25 of Directive 2008/50/EC.
Amendment 285 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 6 – paragraph 5 a (new)
Article 6 – paragraph 5 a (new)
5a. Member States shall appoint an independent expert body to conduct a review of draft national air pollution programmes to assess the accuracy of the information and the adequacy of the policies and measures they contain. The results of this review shall be made publically available prior to the publication of the draft national air pollution control programme in order to facilitate meaningful public participation.
Amendment 306 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 7 – paragraph 6
Article 7 – paragraph 6
Amendment 313 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 8 – paragraph 2
Article 8 – paragraph 2
2. Member States shall, where appropriate, coordinate the monitoring of air pollution impacts with other monitoring programmes established by virtue of Union legislation, including Directive 2008/50/EC and Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council.30 __________________ 30 Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy (OJ L 327, 22.12.2000, p. 1)
Amendment 319 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 9 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 2
Article 9 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 2
Where a national air pollution control programme is updated under Article 6(4), the Member State concerned shall informcommunicate the updated programme to the Commission thereof within two months.
Amendment 328 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 9 – paragraph 4 – point c a (new)
Article 9 – paragraph 4 – point c a (new)
(ca) checks to verify that national air pollution control programmes satisfy the requirements of Article 6.
Amendment 342 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 10 – paragraph 2
Article 10 – paragraph 2
2. The reports referred to in paragraph 1 mayshall include an evaluation of the environmental and socioeconomic impacts of this Directive using appropriate indicators including numbers of premature deaths, years of life lost, hospital admissions, and areas of ecosystems, including Natura 2000 areas, exposed to air pollution in excess of critical loads and levels.
Amendment 350 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 11 – paragraph 1 – point b a (new)
Article 11 – paragraph 1 – point b a (new)
(ba) the environmental and health impacts of emissions by reference to key indicators including annual numbers of premature deaths and hospital admissions, damage to ecosystems, buildings and crops, and overall costs to society.
Amendment 352 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 11 – paragraph 1 – point b b (new)
Article 11 – paragraph 1 – point b b (new)
(bb) the results of the review referred to in Article 9(4).
Amendment 356 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 11 a (new)
Article 11 a (new)
Article 11 a Review 1. The Commission shall every five years carry out a review of the implementation of this Directive. This review shall include the following: (a) the projected emissions of air pollutants up to 2025 and 2030; (b) scientific and technological progress; (c) the situation regarding air pollution in excess of critical loads and levels and WHO guideline values for air pollution; (d) the situation regarding the achievement of the objective for air quality pursuant to the 7th Environment Action Programme. 2. The first review under paragraph 1 shall be completed by the end of 2020, and shall be accompanied by proposals designed to safeguard significant progress towards achievement of the long-term objective for air quality by 2030, including, if appropriate: (a) proposed changes to the national emissions reduction commitments in Annex II; (b) proposed sectoral and other pollution control measures that will help ensure the achievement of the national emission reduction commitments; and (c) proposed measures for reducing emissions from international shipping, particularly in Member States’ territorial waters and exclusive economic zones.
Amendment 359 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 12 a (new)
Article 12 a (new)
Article 12a Access to justice 1. Member States shall ensure that members of the public concerned have access to administrative or judicial procedures to challenge the substantive and procedural legality of any act or omission by competent authorities and private persons which contravenes this Directive. 2. Such procedures shall provide adequate and effective remedies, including injunctive relief, financial penalties and compensation, as appropriate, in a timely manner and no later than 12 months after the commencement of proceeding and be fair, equitable, and not prohibitively expensive. 3. In order to further the effectiveness of the provisions of this Article, Member States shall ensure that practical information and financial assistance or free legal advice is made available to the public to enable them to access these procedures.
Amendment 380 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex II – table a
Annex II – table a
Amendment 394 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex II – table b
Annex II – table b
Amendment 407 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex II – table b a (new)
Annex II – table b a (new)
Amendment 421 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex III – section 1 – part A – point 1 – point a
Annex III – section 1 – part A – point 1 – point a
(a) nitrogen management, taking into account the full nitrogen cycle, and establishing soil and nutrient management plans;
Amendment 424 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex III – section 1 – part A – point 1 – point c
Annex III – section 1 – part A – point 1 – point c
(c) low-emission manure spreading approaches such as liquid-solid separation of animal manure;
Amendment 428 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex III – section 1 – part A – point 1 – point g a (new)
Annex III – section 1 – part A – point 1 – point g a (new)
(ga) promotion of grazing and extensive farming and enhancing the pasture biodiversity in plant with high level of amino acids such as clover, alfalfa, cereals;
Amendment 431 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex III – section 1 – part A – point 1 – point g b (new)
Annex III – section 1 – part A – point 1 – point g b (new)
(gb) promotion of crop rotation including nitrogen fixing crops;
Amendment 433 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex III – section 1 – part A – point 1 – point g c (new)
Annex III – section 1 – part A – point 1 – point g c (new)
(gc) promotion of agroecological farming that leads to agricultural systems with high biodiversity, resource efficiency and reduced or ideally no dependency on chemical inputs;
Amendment 444 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex III – section 1 – part A – point 3 – point b
Annex III – section 1 – part A – point 3 – point b
(b) urea-based fertilizers shall as far as possible be replaced by ammonium nitrate-based fertilizersbe prohibited;
Amendment 448 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex III – section 1 – part A – point 3 – point d
Annex III – section 1 – part A – point 3 – point d
(d) inorganic fertilisers shall as far as possible be replaced by organic fertilisers. Where inorganic fertilisers continue to be applied, they shall be spread in line with the foreseeable requirements of the receiving crop or grassland with respect to nitrogen and phosphorus, also taking into account the existing nutrient content in the soil and the nutrients from other fertilizers.
Amendment 469 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex III – section 1 – part A a (new)
Annex III – section 1 – part A a (new)
Aa. Measures to control methane emissions Member States shall establish a national advisory code of good agricultural practice for reducing methane emissions, covering at least the following items: (a) livestock feeding strategies including inter alia improved forage quality, incorporation of leguminous crops in the diet, larger proportion of concentrates in diet, rumen resistant starch; (b) low-emission manure storage systems; (c) for cattle in stable, low-emission animal housing systems; (d) promotion of anaerobic digestion using farm waste for biogas production while preventing any ammonia leakages resulting from the use of such technique; (e) promotion of grazing and extensive farming with low stocking density; (f) promotion of agroecological measures that lead to agricultural systems with high biodiversity, resource efficiency and reduced or ideally no dependency on chemical inputs.
Amendment 482 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex III – section 1 – part C a (new)
Annex III – section 1 – part C a (new)
Ca. Financial support 1. The measures laid down in Part A, B and C to prevent NH3, CH4 and PM2.5 emissions shall be mandatory and therefore not be eligible for financial support under the Rural Development funds, with the exception of measures requiring significant changes of practices or significant investments such as: a) Extensive grazing; b) Agroecology; c) Anaerobic digestion for biogas production using farm waste; d) Low emission housing systems.
Amendment 483 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex III – part C a (new)
Annex III – part C a (new)
PART Ca. MEASURES WHICH SHALL BE INCLUDED IN THE NATIONAL AIR POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMME TO REDUCE EMISSIONS FROM SOLVENTS The initial national air pollution control programme and its updates referred to in Articles 6 and 9 shall at least consider the following items: - Information about the VOC emissions from products such as paints, varnishes and deodorants; - Measures to address VOC emissions from installations and products; - Promotion of bio-based solvents use through public procurement (e.g. water- based road markings for motorways).
Amendment 485 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex III – part C b (new)
Annex III – part C b (new)
Cb. MEASURES WHICH SHALL BE INCLUDED IN THE NATIONAL AIR POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMME TO REDUCE EMISSIONS FROM RESIDENTIAL HEATING The initial national air pollution control programme and its updates referred to in Articles 6 and 9 shall at least consider the following items: - Retrofitting schemes to promote the replacement of old domestic combustion installations with better home insulation, heat pumps, light fuel oil, new wood pellet installations, district heating or gas; - Economic and fiscal incentives to encourage the uptake of low emitting appliances; - Ban of solid-fuel burning in residential areas and other sensitive areas to protect the health of vulnerable groups including children; - Information to consumers about how to install and operate stoves and boilers efficiently and preventing unnecessary heating/air conditioning.
Amendment 486 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex III – part C c (new)
Annex III – part C c (new)
Amendment 487 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex III – part C d (new)
Annex III – part C d (new)
Cd. MEASURES WHICH SHALL BE INCLUDED IN THE NATIONAL AIR POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMME TO REDUCE EMISSIONS FROM INLAND AND DOMESTIC SHIPPING The initial national air pollution control programme and its updates referred to in Articles 6 and 9 shall at least cover the following items: - Market-based instruments such as emission charges or taxes to ensure NOx and PM reductions from new as well as the existing fleet of ships; - Slow steaming regulation and promotion of low-emission technologies such as electrification of ships at berth; - Alignment of fuel and emission standards for ships with those for trucks; - Inclusion of local vessels in low- emission zones; - Use of continuous emissions monitoring and more stringent compliance checks.
Amendment 488 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex III – part C e (new)
Annex III – part C e (new)
Ce. MEASURES WHICH SHALL BE INCLUDED IN THE NATIONAL AIR POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMME TO REDUCE EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES The initial national air pollution control programme and its updates referred to in Articles 6 and 9 shall at least consider the following items: - Revision of existing permits in line with the stricter BAT associated emission level of the most recent sector BREFs; - When relevant, introduction of further emission prevention or capture requirements or reduced operation; - Rejection or withdrawal of derogations provided under Chapter III of Directive 2010/75/EU for Large Combustion Plants including transitional national plan, limited life time derogation, desulphurisation rates, etc.; - Rejection or withdrawal of possible derogations provided Article 15(4) of Directive 2010/75/EU; - Temporary suspension of granting operation of new point sources; - Economic and fiscal instruments to promote the uptake of cleaner production processes.
Amendment 493 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex III – section 2 – point 1 – point b a (new)
Annex III – section 2 – point 1 – point b a (new)
(ba) the policy options considered to meet ambient air quality levels equal to or below the levels recommended by the World Health Organisation by 2030, and their analysis, including the method of analysis; the individual or combined impacts of the polices and measures on emission reductions, air quality and the environment; and the associated uncertainties;
Amendment 494 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex III – section 2 – point 1 – point b b (new)
Annex III – section 2 – point 1 – point b b (new)
(bb) the policy options considered to reach the critical levels and loads for the protection of the environment by 2030, and their analysis, including the method of analysis; the individual or combined impacts of the polices and measures on emission reductions, air quality and the environment; and the associated uncertainties;
Amendment 496 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex III – section 2 – point 1 – point d
Annex III – section 2 – point 1 – point d
(d) where relevant, an explanation of the reasons why the intermediate emission levels for 2025 cannot be met without measures entailing disproportionate costmethodology used to ensure that measures to achieve national reduction commitments for PM2.5 prioritize reduction of black carbon emissions;
Amendment 500 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex III – section 2 – point 1 – point e
Annex III – section 2 – point 1 – point e
(e) an assessment of how selected policies and measures ensure coherence with plans and programmes set up in other relevant policy areas, in particular, but not limited to, air quality plans under Directive 2008/50/EC, transitional national plans and inspection plans under Directive 2010/75/EC, national energy efficiency action plans under Directive 2012/27/EU, and national renewable energy action plans under Directive 2009/28/EC, or equivalent provisions in successor legislation.
Amendment 502 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex III – section 2 – point 2 – point a
Annex III – section 2 – point 2 – point a
(a) an assessment of the progress made with implementation of the programme, the reduction of emissions and, the reduction of concentrations and associated environmental, public health and socio- economic benefits;
Amendment 504 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex III – section 2 – point 2 – point b
Annex III – section 2 – point 2 – point b
(b) any significant changes in the policy context, assessments, including the results of the inspections and market surveillance carried out, the programme or the implementation time table, including reasons for any delays.
Amendment 508 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex III – section 2 – point 2 – point b a (new)
Annex III – section 2 – point 2 – point b a (new)
(ba) an assessment of the progress made towards the achievement of the EU's long-term health and environmental objectives;
Amendment 509 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex III – section 2 – point 2 – point b b (new)
Annex III – section 2 – point 2 – point b b (new)
(bb) any necessary update of the relevant health and environmental objectives, including any new air quality guidelines set by the World Health Organisation;
Amendment 510 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex III – section 2 – point 2 – point b c (new)
Annex III – section 2 – point 2 – point b c (new)
(bc) any necessary update of environmental protection indicators such as critical levels and loads.
Amendment 511 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex III – section 2 – point 2 a (new)
Annex III – section 2 – point 2 a (new)
2a. Where a national air pollution control programme is updated in accordance with Article 6(4), it shall also include information on all additional air pollution abatement measures that have been considered at appropriate local, regional or national level for implementation in connection with the attainment of emission reduction commitments and air quality objectives, including: (a) reduction of emissions from stationary sources by ensuring that polluting small and medium sized stationary combustion sources (including for biomass) are fitted with emission control equipment or replaced; (b) reduction of emissions from vehicles through retrofitting with emission control equipment. The use of economic incentives to accelerate take-up should be considered; (c) procurement by public authorities, in line with the handbook on environmental public procurement, of road vehicles, fuels and combustion equipment to reduce emissions, including the purchase of: — new vehicles, including low emission vehicles, — cleaner vehicle transport services, — low emission stationary combustion sources, — low emission fuels for stationary and mobile sources, (d) measures to limit transport emissions through traffic planning and management (including congestion pricing, differentiated parking fees or other economic incentives; establishing low emission zones); (e) measures to encourage a shift of transport towards less polluting modes; (f) ensuring that low emission fuels are used in small, medium and large scale stationary sources and in mobile sources; (g) measures to reduce air pollution through the permit system under Directive 2010/75/EC, and through the use of economic instruments such as taxes, charges or emission trading.