72 Amendments of Isabella ADINOLFI related to 2018/0190(COD)
Amendment 108 #
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 1
Recital 1
(1) Culture, arts, cultural heritage and cultural diversity are of great value to European society from a cultural, environmental, social and economic point of view and should be promoted and supported. The Rome Declaration of 25 March 2017 as well as the European Council in December 2017 stated that education and culture are key to building inclusive and cohesive societies for all, and to sustaining European competitiveness.
Amendment 117 #
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 4
Recital 4
(4) The Commission Communication on a New European Agenda for Culture15 further sets out the objectives of the Union for the cultural and creative sectors. It aims to harness the power of culture and cultural diversity for social cohesion and societal well-being, fostering the cross-border dimension of cultural and creative sectors, supporting their capacity to grow, encouraging culture-based creativity in education and innovation, and for jobs and gprowthsperity as well as strengthening international cultural relations. Creative Europe, together with other Union programmes, should support the implementation of this New European Agenda for Culture. This is also in line with the 2005 UNESCO Convention for the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, which entered into force on 18 March 2007 and to which the Union is a party. __________________ 15 COM(2018) 267 final. COM(2018) 267 final.
Amendment 121 #
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 5
Recital 5
(5) The promotion of European cultural diversity depends on the freedom of cultural and artistic expression, on an appropriate public support, on fair contractual conditions of artists and cultural operators and on the existence of flourishing and resilient cultural and creative sectors, able to innovate, create, produce and distribute their works to a large and diverse European audience. This thereby enlarges their business potential and contributes to sustainable growth and jobs creation. In addition, promotion of creativity contributes toincreases access to and creation of creative content and knowledge as well as contributes to prosperity, jobs creation, while boosting competitiveness and sparkling innovation in the industrial value chains. In spite of recent progress, the European cultural and creative market continues to be fragmented along national and linguistic lines, which do not allow the cultural and creative sectors to fully benefit from the European single market and the digital single market in particular.
Amendment 131 #
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 6
Recital 6
(6) The Programme should take into account the dualmultiple nature of the cultural and creative sectors, recognising, on the one hand, the intrinsic and artistic value of culture and, on the other, thes well as the social and economic value of those sectors, including their broader contribution to growthintercultural dialogue, social cohesion, prosperity and competitiveness, creativity and innovation. This requires strong European cultural and creative sectors, in particular a vibrant European audiovisual industry, taking into account its capacity to reach large audiences at local, national and European level and its economic importance, including for other creative sectors as well as sustainable cultural tourism, in particular regarding local value chains. However, competition in global audiovisual markets has been further intensified by the deepening digital disruption e.g. changes in media production, consumption and the growing position of global platforms in the distribution of content. Therefore, there is a need to step-up the support to the European industry, notably SMEs.
Amendment 151 #
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 9 a (new)
Recital 9 a (new)
(9a) The media strand of the Programme should support in particular audiovisual independent production companies, which represent an invaluable expression of cultural diversity but often face obstacles in accessing to proper financing and in competing with global players.
Amendment 152 #
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 9 b (new)
Recital 9 b (new)
(9b) Culture must be accessible to all. In light of this, the Programme should promote accessible formats of published and audiovisual works in order to increase the accessibility of creative content to persons with disabilities.
Amendment 153 #
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 9 c (new)
Recital 9 c (new)
(9c) The Programme should promote media literacy, especially among minors, being the most effective solution to tackle, among others, online manipulation and micro targeting.
Amendment 166 #
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 11
Recital 11
(11) Culture is key to strengthen inclusive and cohesive communities. In the context of migration pressure, culture has an important role in the integration of migrants to help them feel part of host societies and develop good relations between migrants and new communitielight of this, the Programme should increase cultural participation across Europe, especially with regards to people with disabilities and from disadvantaged backgrounds as well as residing in rural and remote areas.
Amendment 177 #
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 12
Recital 12
(12) Artistic freedomFreedom of artistic and cultural expression is at the core of vibrant cultural and creative industriesectors, including the news media sector. The programme should promote cross-overs and collaboration between the audiovisual sector and the publishing sector to promote a pluralistic and independent media environment.
Amendment 194 #
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 15
Recital 15
(15) In line with the Commission Communication "Towards an integrated approach to cultural heritage for Europe" of 22 July 201419 , relevant policies and instruments should draw out the long term and sustainability value of Europe's tangible and intangible cultural heritage and develop a more integrated approach to its preservation and, dissemination, valorisation and support. __________________ 19, including through its digitisation. __________________ 19 COM/2014/0477 final COM/2014/0477 final
Amendment 195 #
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 16
Recital 16
(16) In line with the Commission Communication "Investing in a smart, innovative and sustainable Industry – A renewed Industrial Policy strategy" of 13 September 201720 , future actions should contribute to the integration of creativity, design and cutting-edge technologies to generate new industrial value chains and business models and revitalise competitiveness of traditional industries. In this regard, the media strand of the Programme should support the development of innovative local, national and European Video on Demand (VOD) online platforms. __________________ 20 COM (2017)479 final
Amendment 205 #
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 22
Recital 22
(22) Since its creation, the European Film Academy has developed a unique expertise and is in a unique position to create a pan-European community of film creators and professionals, promoting and disseminating European films beyond their national borders and developing truly European audiences as well as providing training courses and sharing best practices. Therefore, it should exceptionally be eligible for direct Union support.
Amendment 211 #
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 23
Recital 23
(23) Since its creation, the European Union Youth Orchestra has developed a unique expertise in promoting intercultural dialogue, mutual respect and understanding through culture. The particularity as well as in reinforcing professionalism of its young musicians, providing them with the skills necessary for a career in the cultural and creative sector. The uniqueness of the European Union Youth Orchestra lies in the fact that it is a European orchestra that transcends cultural boundaries and is composed of young musicians selected in accordance with demanding artistic criteria through a rigorous and transparent annual audition process in all Member States. Therefore, it should exceptionally be eligible for direct Union support.
Amendment 216 #
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 25
Recital 25
(25) In order to ensure efficient allocation of funds from the general budget of the Union, it is necessary to ensure the European added value of all actions and activities carried out with the Programme, their complementarity to Member States' activities, while consistency, complementarity and synergies should be sought with funding programmes supporting policy areas with close links to each other, such as the Erasmus and Horizon Europe programmes, as well as with horizontal policies such as Union competition policy.
Amendment 231 #
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 27 a (new)
Recital 27 a (new)
(27a) Specific actions should be taken to increase the participation to the Programme, on the one hand, of microenterprises and start-ups, due to their limited financial capabilities and difficulty to access to private financing, and of SMEs established in regions hit by natural disasters, such as earthquakes and floodings, on the other. Natural disasters have serious impacts on the well- being, social cohesion and economy of regions. In this perspective, the realisation of initiatives linked to arts, culture and creativity has the potential of infusing new life in the population of those regions, increasing their awareness of their social and cultural identity as well as increasing their economic resilience. In light of this, an appropriate part of the total financial envelope of the Programme should be exclusively allocated to the participation of microenterprises and start-ups as well as of SMEs established in regions hit by natural disasters. The Programme should also set higher co- financing rates for the costs of the operations supported by those organisations.
Amendment 241 #
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 29
Recital 29
(29) The Programme should include a realistic and manageable system of qualitative and quantitative performance indicators to accompany its actions and monitor its performance on a continuous basis. This monitoring as well as information and communication actions relating to the Programme and its actions should build on the three strands of the programme.
Amendment 247 #
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 32 a (new)
Recital 32 a (new)
(32a) National contributions of the Member States should be deducted from the calculation of the national deficit level;
Amendment 261 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 2 – paragraph 1 – point 2
Article 2 – paragraph 1 – point 2
(2) 'cultural and creative sectors' means all sectors whose activities are based on cultural values or artistic and other individual or collective creative expressions, whether those activities are market or non-market oriented. The activities may include the development, the creation, the production, the dissemination and the preservation of goods and services which embody cultural, artistic or other creative expressions, as well as related functions such as education or management. They will have a potential to generate innovation and jobs in particular from intellectual property. The sectors include architecture, archives, libraries and museums, artistic and traditional crafts, audiovisual (including film, television, video games and multimedia), tangible and intangible cultural heritage, design (including fashion design), festivals, music, literature, performing arts, books and publishing, radio, and visual arts;
Amendment 263 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 3 – paragraph 1 – point -a (new)
Article 3 – paragraph 1 – point -a (new)
(-a) to increase citizens’ access to and participation in cultural life;
Amendment 264 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 3 – paragraph 1 – point a
Article 3 – paragraph 1 – point a
(a) to promote European cooperation on cultural, artistic and linguistic diversity and tangible and intangible heritage;
Amendment 266 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 3 – paragraph 1 – point a a (new)
Article 3 – paragraph 1 – point a a (new)
(aa) to promote the quality of European cultural and artistic productions and the role of artists and cultural operators in safeguarding and disseminating European cultural identity;
Amendment 270 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 3 – paragraph 1 – point b
Article 3 – paragraph 1 – point b
(b) to increase the competitiveness and innovation of the cultural and creative sectors, notably SMEs, in particular the audiovisual sector.
Amendment 281 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 3 – paragraph 2 – point a
Article 3 – paragraph 2 – point a
(a) enhancing the economic, social and external dimension of European level cooperation to develop and promote European cultural diversity and Europe's cultural heritage and strengthening the competitiveness and innovation of the European cultural and creative sectors and reinforcing international cultural relations;
Amendment 284 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 3 – paragraph 2 – point b
Article 3 – paragraph 2 – point b
(b) promoting the competitiveness, innovation, distribution and scalability of the European audiovisual industry, notably SMEs and independent productions;
Amendment 293 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 3 – paragraph 2 – point c
Article 3 – paragraph 2 – point c
(c) promoting policy cooperation and innovative actions supporting all strands of the programme, including the promotion of an independent, diverse and pluralistic media environment, media literacy and social inclusion.
Amendment 309 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 4 – paragraph 1 – point b
Article 4 – paragraph 1 – point b
(b) to increase cultural participation across Europe; nd audience engagement across Europe, especially with regards to people with disabilities and from disadvantaged backgrounds as well as living in rural and remote areas;
Amendment 316 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 4 – paragraph 1 – point c
Article 4 – paragraph 1 – point c
(c) to promote societal resilience and, social inclusion and intercultural dialogue through culture and cultural heritage;
Amendment 325 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 4 – paragraph 1 – point d
Article 4 – paragraph 1 – point d
(d) to enhance the capacity of European cultural and creative sectors to prosper, innovate and to generate jobs and growth, knowledge and skills;
Amendment 334 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 4 – paragraph 1 – point e
Article 4 – paragraph 1 – point e
(e) to strengthen European identity and values through cultural awareness, artsistic expression, critical thinking, arts and music education and culture-based creativity in education;
Amendment 337 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 4 – paragraph 1 – point e a (new)
Article 4 – paragraph 1 – point e a (new)
(ea) to preserve and disseminate tangible and intangible cultural heritage through digitisation and other initiatives that take into account the latest digital technologies;
Amendment 342 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 4 – paragraph 1 – point f
Article 4 – paragraph 1 – point f
(f) to promote international capacity building of European cultural and creative sectors and operators to be active at the international level;
Amendment 349 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 5 – paragraph 1 – point a
Article 5 – paragraph 1 – point a
(a) to nurture talents and skills and to stimulate collaboration, and innovation in the creation and production of European audiovisual works, in particular by supporting independent production companies;
Amendment 359 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 5 – paragraph 1 – point b a (new)
Article 5 – paragraph 1 – point b a (new)
(ba) to increase the accessibility of European audiovisual works to persons with disabilities, in particular those with a visual or hearing impairment;
Amendment 360 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 5 – paragraph 1 – point b b (new)
Article 5 – paragraph 1 – point b b (new)
(bb) to promote media literacy, especially among minors;
Amendment 367 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 5 – paragraph 2
Article 5 – paragraph 2
These priorities shall be addressed through support to the creation, promotion, access, and dissemination of European works with the potential to reach large audiences, in particular independent productions, within Europe and beyond, thereby adapting to new market developments and accompanying the Audiovisual Media Services Directive.
Amendment 368 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 6 – paragraph 1 – point a
Article 6 – paragraph 1 – point a
(a) to support cross-sectoral transnational policy cooperation including on the role of culture for social inclusion and promote the knowledge of the programme and support the transferability of results, in order to increase the participation to the Programme, notably of SMEs;
Amendment 383 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 6 – paragraph 1 – point c
Article 6 – paragraph 1 – point c
(c) to promote cross cutting activities covering several sectors aiming at adjusting to the structural changes faced by the media and cultural sector, including enhancing a free, diverse, quality and pluralistic media, artistic and cultural environment, and quality journalism and media literacyand independent journalism;;
Amendment 385 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 6 – paragraph 1 – point d
Article 6 – paragraph 1 – point d
(d) to set up and support programme desks to promote, the Programme in their country, provide assistance to prospective participants, especially SMEs, and to stimulate cross-border cooperation and exchange of best practices within the cultural and creative sectors.
Amendment 415 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 8 – paragraph 2
Article 8 – paragraph 2
2. The participation to the MEDIA and CROSS SECTORAL strands by the countries referred to in points (a), (b) and (c) of paragraph 1 shall be subject to fulfilment of the conditions set out in Directive 2010/13/EU and the compliance with the principles and rights of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.
Amendment 416 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 8 – paragraph 3
Article 8 – paragraph 3
Amendment 422 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 9 – paragraph 2
Article 9 – paragraph 2
2. The Union shall be a member of the European Audiovisual Observatory for the duration of the Programme. The Union's participation in the Observatory shall contribute to the achievement of the priorities of the MEDIA strand, in particular encouraging transparency and the establishment of a level playing field as regards the accessibility of legal and financial/market information, and providing data and market analysis. The Commission shall represent the Union in its dealings with the Observatory. The MEDIA strand shall support the payment of the contribution fee for Union membership of the Observatory to foster data collection and analysis in the audiovisual sector.
Amendment 430 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 11 – paragraph -1 (new)
Article 11 – paragraph -1 (new)
-1 The Commission shall take appropriate measures ensuring that, when actions financed under this Regulation are implemented, the financial interests of the Union are protected by the application of measures to prevent fraud, corruption and any other illegal activities, by effective controls and, if irregularities are detected, by the recovery of the amounts wrongly paid and, where appropriate, by effective, proportionate and dissuasive penalties.
Amendment 434 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 13 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 1 (new)
Article 13 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 1 (new)
A minimum of 20% of the total financial envelope of the Programme shall be exclusively allocated to: (a) microenterprises, startups and (b) SMEs established in regions hit by natural disasters.
Amendment 437 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 13 – paragraph 1 a (new)
Article 13 – paragraph 1 a (new)
1a. The financial contribution from the Programme shall be at least 80 % of the costs of the operations supported by: (a) microenterprises, startups and (b) SMEs established in regions hit by natural disasters.
Amendment 446 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 14 – paragraph 2 – point b
Article 14 – paragraph 2 – point b
(b) any legal entity created under Union law or any international organisation active in the areas covered by the Programme.
Amendment 448 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 14 – paragraph 3
Article 14 – paragraph 3
3. Legal entities established in a third country, which is not associated to the Programme are exceptionally eligible to participate in case they provide an added value to the implementation of the Programme and where this is necessary for the achievement of the objectives of a given action.
Amendment 450 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 14 – paragraph 4
Article 14 – paragraph 4
4. Legal entities established in a third country, which is not associated to the programme should in principleall bear the cost of their participation. Additional contributions from the external financing instruments according to Article 7(3) may cover the costs of their participation only if it is in the Union's interest.
Amendment 452 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 14 – paragraph 5 – introductory part
Article 14 – paragraph 5 – introductory part
5. The following entities may exceptionally be awarded grants without a call for proposal in order to finance specific high quality activities in line with the objectives of the Programme:
Amendment 455 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 14 – paragraph 5 – point a
Article 14 – paragraph 5 – point a
(a) The European Film Academy for activities that contribute to the promotion of European cinematographic production, including festivals, training courses and sharing of best practices;
Amendment 457 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 14 – paragraph 5 – point b
Article 14 – paragraph 5 – point b
(b) The European Union Youth Orchestra for activities that provide regular training for young musicians and offer performance opportunities in festivals and tours within the Union and at international level.
Amendment 476 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 20 – paragraph 2
Article 20 – paragraph 2
2. The Commission shall implement information and communication actions relating to the Programme, and its actions and results supported through its strands. Financial resources allocated to the Programme shall also contribute to the corporate communication of the political pri, including disseminating and supporities of the Union, as far as they are related to the objectives referred to in Article 3ng best practices.
Amendment 483 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex I – point 1 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 1 – point d
Annex I – point 1 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 1 – point d
(d) Mobility of artists and cultural and creative operators, circulation of works and support to capacity-building;
Amendment 493 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex I – point 1 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 2 – point a
Annex I – point 1 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 2 – point a
(a) Support to the music sector: promoting diversity, creativity and innovation in the field of music, in particular the mobility, production and live performances of emerging musicians and the distribution of musical repertoire in Europe and beyond, training actions and, audience development for European repertoire, the promotion of European works at industry events and fairs in Europe and beyond, as well as support for data gathering and analysis;
Amendment 496 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex I – point 1 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 2 – point b
Annex I – point 1 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 2 – point b
(b) Support to the book and publishing sector: targeted actions promoting diversity, creativity and innovation, in particular the translation and, the adaptation in accessible formats for persons who are blind, visually impaired or otherwise print disabled and the promotion of European literature across borders in Europe and beyond, training and exchanges for sector professionals, authors and translators as well as transnational projects for collaboration, innovation and development in the sector;
Amendment 503 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex I – point 1 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 2 – point c
Annex I – point 1 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 2 – point c
(c) Support to architecture and cultural heritage sectors: targeted actions for the mobility of operators, capacity-building, audience development and internationalization of the cultural heritage and architecture sectors, promotion of Baukultur, support to the safeguarding, conservation, dissemination and enhancement of tangible and intangible cultural heritage and its values through digitisation, awareness- raising, networking and peer-to-peer learning activities;
Amendment 506 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex I – point 1 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 2 – point d
Annex I – point 1 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 2 – point d
(d) Support to other sectors: targeted actions in favour of the development of the creative aspects of the design and fashion sectors and sustainable cultural tourism as well as to their promotion and representation outside the European Union.
Amendment 512 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex I – point 2 – paragraph 1 – point a
Annex I – point 2 – paragraph 1 – point a
(a) Development of audiovisual works, including quality projects aimed at a children’s' audience, in particular by supporting independent production companies;
Amendment 514 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex I – point 2 – paragraph 1 – point b
Annex I – point 2 – paragraph 1 – point b
(b) Production of innovative TV content and serial storytelling, in particular by supporting independent production companies;
Amendment 519 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex I – point 2 – paragraph 1 – point c a (new)
Annex I – point 2 – paragraph 1 – point c a (new)
(ca) Promoting media literacy to allow citizens, in particular minors, to develop a critical understanding of the media;
Amendment 520 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex I – point 2 – paragraph 1 – point c b (new)
Annex I – point 2 – paragraph 1 – point c b (new)
(cb) Promoting initiatives aimed at providing children with the ability to distinguish between marketing and reality in advertising as well as studies aimed at assessing the effects of targeted digital advertising on children, especially in the digital media environment;
Amendment 522 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex I – point 2 – paragraph 1 – point d
Annex I – point 2 – paragraph 1 – point d
(d) Support to international sales and circulation of local, national and non- national European works on all platforms, including through coordinated distribution strategies covering several countries;
Amendment 523 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex I – point 2 – paragraph 1 – point d a (new)
Annex I – point 2 – paragraph 1 – point d a (new)
(da) Increasing the accessibility of audiovisual works to persons with disabilities, in particular those with a visual or hearing impairment, including through subtitling, audiodescription and sign language interpretation;
Amendment 530 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex I – point 2 – paragraph 1 – point g
Annex I – point 2 – paragraph 1 – point g
(g) Initiatives promoting audience development, especially in cinemas, and film education addressing in particular young audiences;
Amendment 532 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex I – point 2 – paragraph 1 – point i
Annex I – point 2 – paragraph 1 – point i
(i) A European Video on Demand (VOD) operators' network, screening a significant proportion of local, national and non-national European works;
Amendment 536 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex I – point 2 – paragraph 1 – point j
Annex I – point 2 – paragraph 1 – point j
(j) European festivals' network(s) screening a significant proportion of local, national and non- national European works;
Amendment 540 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex I – point 2 – paragraph 1 – point k
Annex I – point 2 – paragraph 1 – point k
(k) A European cinema operators' network, screening a significant proportion of local, national and non-national European films;
Amendment 542 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex I – point 2 – paragraph 1 – point k a (new)
Annex I – point 2 – paragraph 1 – point k a (new)
(ka) Support innovative business models in the field of audiovisual content production, distribution and access, including the development of local, national and European Video on Demand (VOD) online platforms;
Amendment 549 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex I – point 3 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 1 – point d
Annex I – point 3 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 1 – point d
(d) Enhance knowledge of the programme and the topics it covers, foster citizen outreach, and help the transferability of results beyond Member State level, in order to increase the participation to the Programme, notably of SMEs.
Amendment 555 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex I – point 3 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 3 – point a
Annex I – point 3 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 3 – point a
(a) Promote the programme at national level and provide informationprospective participants with technical assistance and information on the Programme and on the various types of financial support available under union policy;
Amendment 559 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex I – point 3 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 3 – point b
Annex I – point 3 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 3 – point b
(b) Stimulate cross border cooperation and exchange of best practices between professionals, institutions, platforms and networks within and across the policy areas and sectors covered by the programme;
Amendment 565 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex I – point 3 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 4 – point a
Annex I – point 3 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 4 – point a
(a) Addressing the structural changes faced by the media sector by promoting and monitoring a diverse, independent and pluralistic media environment;
Amendment 568 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex I – point 3 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 4 – point c
Annex I – point 3 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 4 – point c