60 Amendments of Soledad CABEZÓN RUIZ related to 2016/0288(COD)
Amendment 239 #
Proposal for a directive
Recital 139
Recital 139
(139) In situations where undertakings are deprived of access to viable alternatives to non-replicable assets up to the first distribution point, national regulatory authorities should be empowered to impose access obligations to all operatorwners of wiring and cables or undertakings that have the right to use such wiring and cables, without prejudice to their respective market power. In this regard, national regulatory authorities should take into consideration all technical and economic barriers to future replication of networks. The mere fact that more than one such infrastructure already exists should not necessarily be interpreted as showing that its assets are replicable. The first distribution point should be identified by reference to objective criteria.
Amendment 243 #
Proposal for a directive
Recital 140
Recital 140
(140) It could be justified to extend access obligations to wiring and cables beyond the first concentration point, in particular in areas with lower population density, while confining such obligations to points as close as possible to end-users, where it is demonstrated that replication would also be impossible beyond that first concentration point
Amendment 246 #
Proposal for a directive
Recital 141
Recital 141
Amendment 253 #
Proposal for a directive
Recital 164
Recital 164
(164) When assessing the proportionality of the obligations and conditions to be imposed, national regulatory authorities should take into account the different competitive conditions existing in the different areas within their Member States having regard in particular to the results of the geographical survey conducted in accordance with this Directive. National regulatory authorities shall ensure that the obligations they impose on operators designated with significant market power are effective. National regulatory authorities may set in advance penalty schemes to be applied in the event of a breach of those obligations.
Amendment 261 #
Proposal for a directive
Recital 175
Recital 175
Amendment 286 #
Proposal for a directive
Recital 246
Recital 246
(246) Any changes to the contractual conditions improposed by providers of publicly available electronic communications services other than number-independent interpersonal communications services, to the detriment of the end-user, for example in relation to charges, tariffs, data volume limitations, data speeds, coverage, or the processing of personal data should be considered as giving rise to the right of the end-user to terminate the contract without incurring any costs, even if they are combined with some beneficial changes.
Amendment 346 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 3 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 2
Article 3 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 2
National regulatory and other competent authorities mayshall contribute within their competencies to ensuring the implementation of policies aimed at the promotion of cultural and linguistic diversity, as well as media pluralism.
Amendment 359 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 3 – paragraph 2 – point a
Article 3 – paragraph 2 – point a
(a) promote the availability and affordability of, access to, and take-up of, very high capacity data connectivity, both fixed and mobile, by all Union citizens and businesses;
Amendment 371 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 3 – paragraph 2 – point d
Article 3 – paragraph 2 – point d
(d) promote the interests of the citizens of the Union, including in the long term, by ensuring widespread availability and take-up of very high capacity connectivity, both fixed and mobile, and of interpersonal communications services, by enabling maximum benefits in terms of choice, price and quality on the basis of effective competition, by maintaining security of networks and services, by ensuring a high and common minimum level of protection for end- users through the necessary sector- specific rules and by addressing the needs, such as for affordable prices, of specific social groups, in particular disabled users, elderly users and users with special social needs.
Amendment 388 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 3 – paragraph 3 – point f
Article 3 – paragraph 3 – point f
(f) imposing ex ante regulatory obligations only to the extent necessary to secure effective and sustainable competition on the retail market concerned and relaxing or lifting such obligations as soon as that condition is fulfilled.
Amendment 402 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 5 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 2 – indent 8
Article 5 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 2 – indent 8
- dealingensuring compliance with issurules related to open internet access;
Amendment 405 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 5 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 2 – indent 11 a (new)
Article 5 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 2 – indent 11 a (new)
- monitoring closely the development of the Internet of Things in order to ensure competition, consumer protection and cybersecurity
Amendment 409 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 6 – paragraph 2
Article 6 – paragraph 2
2. Member States shall ensure that national regulatory authorities and other competent authorities exercise their powers impartially, transparently and in a timely manner. Member States shall ensure that they have adequate technical, financial and human resources to carry out the task s assigned to them.
Amendment 430 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 20 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 1
Article 20 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 1
Member States shall ensure that undertakings providing electronic communications networks and services associated facilities, or associated services provide all the information, including financial information, necessary for national regulatory authorities, other competent authorities and BEREC tonational regulatory authorities, other competent authorities and BEREC have legal powers to request information, including financial information, from all relevant parties necessary to fulfilling their tasks and ensure conformity with the provisions of, or decisions made in accordance with, this Directive. In particular, national regulatory authorities shall have the power to require those undertakings to submit information concerning future network or service developments that could have an impact on the wholesale services that they make available to competitors. They may also require information on electronic communications networks and associated facilities which is disaggregated at local level and sufficiently detailed for the national regulatory authority to be able to conduct the geographical survey and to designate digital exclusion areas in accordance with Article 22. In accordance with Article 29, national regulatory authorities may sanction undertakings deliberately providing misleading, erroneous or incomplete information.
Amendment 437 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 20 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 4
Article 20 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 4
Undertakings shall provide such information promptly upon request and in conformity with the timescales and level of detail required. The information requested shall be proportionate to the performance of that task. The competent authority shall give theprovide the legal basis and reasons justifying its request for information and shall treat the information in accordance with paragraph 3.
Amendment 438 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 20 – paragraph 3
Article 20 – paragraph 3
3. Where information is considered confidential by a national regulatory or other competent authority in accordance with Union and national rules on business confidentiality, national security or the protection of personal data, the Commission, BEREC and the authorities concerned shall ensure such confidentiality. In accordance with the principle of sincere cooperation, national regulatory authorities and other competent authorities shall not deny the provision of the requested information to the Commission, to BEREC or to another authority on the grounds of confidentiality or the need to consult with the parties which provided the information. When the Commission, BEREC or a competent authority undertake to respect the confidentiality of information identified as such by the authority holding it, the latter shall share the information on request for the identified purpose without having to further consult the parties who provided the information. However, when confidential information is shared by a national regulatory or a competent authority, the Commission or BEREC, they shall inform the undertakings whose information is shared thereof. This will include at least what information has been shared with whom and when.
Amendment 462 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 22 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 2 – point b – paragraph 2
Article 22 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 2 – point b – paragraph 2
This forecast, if conducted, shall reflect the economic prospects of the electronic communications networks sector and investment intentions of operators at the time when the data is gathered, in order to allow the identification of available connectivity in different areas. This forecast, if conducted, shall include information on planned deployments by any undertaking or public authority, in particular to include very high capacity networks and significant upgrades or extensions of legacy broadband networks to at least the performance of next- generation access networks. For this purpose, national regulatory authorities shallmay request undertakings to provide relevant information regarding planned deployments of such networks based on the best information available to them.
Amendment 467 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 22 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 3
Article 22 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 3
The information collected in the survey shall be at an appropriate level of local detail and shall include sufficient information on the quality of service and parameters thereof. National regulatory authorities shall treat the collected information as confidential, shall not make this available to competitors and shall ensure that individual undertaking's plans are in no case determinable.
Amendment 481 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 22 – paragraph 4
Article 22 – paragraph 4
4. When national regulatory authorities take measures pursuant to paragraph 3, they shall do so according to an efficient, objective, transparent and non- discriminatory procedure, whereby no undertaking is a priori excluded. Failure to provide information pursuant to paragraph 1(b) or to respond to the call for interest pursuant to paragraph 3 may be considered as misleading information pursuant to Articles 20 or 21.
Amendment 492 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 22 – paragraph 6
Article 22 – paragraph 6
6. NIf the relevant information for end-users is not available on the market, national regulatory authorities may make available information tools to end-users, in order to assist them to determine the availability of connectivity in different areas, with a level of detail which is useful and sufficiently comprehensive to support their choice in terms of connectivity services, in line with national regulatory authority´s obligations regarding the protection of confidential information and business secrets.
Amendment 495 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 25 – paragraph 1
Article 25 – paragraph 1
1. Member States shall ensure that consumers have access to transparent, non- discriminatory, simple, fast, fair and inexpensive out-of-court procedures for their unresolved disputes with undertakings providing publicly available electronic communications services other than number-independent interpersonal communications services, arising under this Directive and relating to the contractual conditions and/or performance of contracts concerning the supply of those networks and/or services. Member States shall enable the national regulatory authority to act as a dispute settlement entity. Such procedures shall comply with the quality requirements set out in Chapter II of Directive 2013/11/EU. Member States may grant access to such procedures to other end-users, in particular micro and small enterprises.
Amendment 512 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 32 – paragraph 3 – subparagraph 2
Article 32 – paragraph 3 – subparagraph 2
it shall make the draft measure accessible to the Commission, BEREC, and the national regulatory authorities in other Member States, at the same time, together with the reasoning and the detailed analysis on which the measure is based, in accordance with Article 20(3), and inform the Commission, BEREC and other national regulatory authorities thereof. National regulatory authorities, BEREC and the Commission may make comments to the national regulatory authority concerned only within one month. The one-month period may not be extended.
Amendment 522 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 32 – paragraph 7 a (new)
Article 32 – paragraph 7 a (new)
7 a. The national regulatory authority may withdraw the proposed draft measure at any stage of the procedure. Thereafter, it shall re-initiate the procedure in accordance with the provisions set out in paragraph 3.
Amendment 591 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 43 – paragraph 2 a (new)
Article 43 – paragraph 2 a (new)
2 a. Member States shall ensure that an effective mechanism exist to allow undertakings to appeal against decisions on the granting of rights to install facilities to a body that is independent of the parties involved.
Amendment 704 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 55 – paragraph 2
Article 55 – paragraph 2
2. Competent authorities shall not prevent providers of public communications networks or publicly available electronic communications services from allowing access to their networks to the public, through radio local area networks, which may be located at an end-user's premises, subject to compliance with the applicable general authorisation conditions and the prior informed and explicit agreement of the end-user.
Amendment 706 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 55 – paragraph 2 a (new)
Article 55 – paragraph 2 a (new)
2 a. End-users allowing access to their internet access service as set out in paragraph 2 shall not be liable for any use that other end-users might do while connected to their network.
Amendment 744 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 59 – paragraph 2 – subparagraph 1
Article 59 – paragraph 2 – subparagraph 1
Amendment 754 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 59 – paragraph 2 – subparagraph 2
Article 59 – paragraph 2 – subparagraph 2
National regulatory authorities may extend to those owners or undertakings the imposition of such access obligations, on fair and reasonable terms and conditions, beyond the first concentration or distribution point to a concentration point as close as possible to end-users, to the extent strictly necessary to address insurmountable economic or physical barriers to replication, in particular in areas with lower population density.
Amendment 757 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 59 – paragraph 2 – subparagraph 3
Article 59 – paragraph 2 – subparagraph 3
Amendment 867 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 66 – paragraph 6 a (new)
Article 66 – paragraph 6 a (new)
6 a. National regulatory authorities shall ensure that the obligations they impose are effective, even by way of imposing pecuniary sanctions in the event of a breach of the SMP obligations and the terms and conditions of access approved by the national regulatory authority.
Amendment 868 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 67 – paragraph 3
Article 67 – paragraph 3
3. National regulatory authorities may specify the precise information to be made available, the level of detail required and the manner of publication. In particular, where an operator has obligations of access to civil engineering and/or obligations of access to, and use of, specific network facilities, national regulatory authorities shall specify key performance indicators, and corresponding service level agreements, and if needed associated fee penalties, to be made available on the access provided, respectively, to the operators' own downstream activities and to beneficiaries of the access obligations.
Amendment 870 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 68 – paragraph 2
Article 68 – paragraph 2
2. Obligations of non-discrimination shall ensure, in particular, that the operator applies equivalent conditions in equivalent circumstances to other undertakings providing equivalent services, and provides services and information to others under the same conditions and of the same quality as it provides for its own services, or those of its subsidiaries or partners. In particular, in cases where the operator is deploying new systems, nNational regulatory authorities may impose on that operator obligations to supply access products and services to all undertakings, including to itself, on the same timescales, terms and conditions, including those relating to price and service levels, and by means of the same systems and processes, in order to ensure equivalence of access.
Amendment 885 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 70 – paragraph 1
Article 70 – paragraph 1
1. A national regulatory authority may, in accordance with Article 66, impose obligations on operators to meet reasonable requests for access to, and use of, civil engineering including, without limitation, buildings or entries to buildings, building cables including wiring, antennae, towers and other supporting constructions, poles, masts, ducts, conduits, inspection chambers, manholes, and cabinets, in situations where the market analysis indicates that denial of access or access given under unreasonable terms and conditions having a similar effect would hinder the emergence of a sustainable competitive market at the retail level and would not be in the end-user's interest.
Amendment 908 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 71 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 1
Article 71 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 1
Amendment 944 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 71 – paragraph 2 – introductory part
Article 71 – paragraph 2 – introductory part
2. When national regulatory authorities are considering the appropriateness of imposing any of the possible specific obligations referred in paragraph 1, and in particular when assessing, in conformity with the principle of proportionality, whether and how such obligations should be imposed, they shall analyse whether other forms of access to wholesale inputs either on the same or a related wholesale market, would already be sufficient to address the identified problem at the retail level. The assessment shall include existing or prospective commercial access offers, regulated access pursuant to Article 59, or existing or contemplated regulated access to other wholesale inputs pursuant to this Article, but shall when needed be adapted so as to reflect significant market changes. They shall take account in particular of the following factors:
Amendment 961 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 71 – paragraph 2 – point e
Article 71 – paragraph 2 – point e
(e) the need to safeguard competition in the long term, with particular attention to economically efficient infrastructure- based competition and to sustainable competition based on innovative commercial business models such as, but not only, co-investment in networks;
Amendment 1006 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 74 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 1 – introductory part
Article 74 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 1 – introductory part
Amendment 1011 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 74 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 1 – point a
Article 74 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 1 – point a
(a) the deployment of the new network elements is either: i) open to co-investment offers according to a transparent process and on terms which favour sustainable competition in the long term including inter alia fair, reasonable and non- discriminatory terms offered to potential co-investors; flexibility in terms of the value and timing of the commitment provided by each co-investor; possibility to increase such commitment in the future; reciprocal rights awarded by the co- investors after the deployment of the co- invested infrastructure; compliance with the criteria set out in Annex IV; or ii) is conducted by a single undertaking that provides a wholesale offer on terms which favour competition in the long term by including, inter alia, fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory terms offered to potential access seekers; mechanisms for risk-sharing; flexibility in terms of the value and timing of the commitment provided by each access seeker; possibility to increase such commitment in the future;
Amendment 1027 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 74 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 1 – point c
Article 74 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 1 – point c
(c) access seekers not participating in the co-investmentone of the deployment models listed in point (a) can benefit from the same quality, speed, conditions and end- user reach as was available before the deployment, either through commercial agreements based on fair and reasonable terms assessed by, or by means of regulated access maintained or adapted by, the national regulatory authority;
Amendment 1029 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 74 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 2
Article 74 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 2
Amendment 1037 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 74 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 2 a (new)
Article 74 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 2 a (new)
In case the market analyses conducted by the national regulatory authority results in a finding that the co-investment offers and/or the commercial agreements do not favour sustainable competition, appropriate regulatory obligations on the operators designated as having significant market power on the relevant market shall be maintained or adapted by the national regulatory authority.
Amendment 1052 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 78 – paragraph 2 – subparagraph 1
Article 78 – paragraph 2 – subparagraph 1
The national regulatory authority shall ensure that the decommissioning process includes a transparent timetable and conditions, including inter alia an appropriate period of notice and for transition, and establishes the availability of alternative comparable products providing access to network elements substituting the decommissioned infrastructure in a timely manner if necessary to safeguard competition and the rights of end-users.
Amendment 1054 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 78 – paragraph 2 – subparagraph 2 – point a
Article 78 – paragraph 2 – subparagraph 2 – point a
(a) the access provider has demonstrably established the appropriate conditions for migration, including making available a comparable alternative access product in a timely manner enabling to reach the same potential end- users, as was available using the legacy infrastructure; and
Amendment 1058 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 79 – paragraph 2
Article 79 – paragraph 2
2. Member States shall define the functional internet access service referred to in paragraph 1 with a view to adequately reflect services used by the majority of end-users in their territory. To that end, the functional internet access service shall be capable, both in terms of speed and data volumes, of supporting at least the minimum set of services set out in Annex V. The functional internet access service shall comply with the obligations on open internet laid down in Regulation 2120/2015.
Amendment 1061 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 85 – paragraph 1
Article 85 – paragraph 1
1. Where, on the basis of the net cost calculation referred to in Article 84, national regulatory authorities find that an undertaking is subject to an unfair burden, Member States shall, upon request from the undertaking concerned, decide: a) to introduce a mechanism to compensate that undertaking for the determined net costs under transparent conditions from public funds; and/or (b) to share the net cost of universal service obligations between providers of electronic communications networks and services and those undertakings providing information society services as defined in Directive 2000/31/EC and which account for a large broadband consumption.
Amendment 1062 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 85 – paragraph 2
Article 85 – paragraph 2
Amendment 1063 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 85 – paragraph 2 a (new)
Article 85 – paragraph 2 a (new)
2. Where the net cost is shared under paragraph 1(b), Member States shall establish a sharing mechanism administered by the national regulatory authority or a body independent from the beneficiaries under the supervision of the national regulatory authority. Only the net cost, as determined in accordance with Article 84, of the obligations laid down in Articles 79, 81 and 82 may be financed.
Amendment 1064 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 85 – paragraph 2 b (new)
Article 85 – paragraph 2 b (new)
3. A sharing mechanism shall respect the principles of transparency, least market distortion, non-discrimination and proportionality, in accordance with the principles of Annex VII, Part B. Member States may choose not to require contributions from undertakings whose national turnover is less than a set limit.
Amendment 1065 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 85 – paragraph 2 c (new)
Article 85 – paragraph 2 c (new)
4. Any charges related to the sharing of the cost of universal service obligations shall be unbundled and identified separately for each undertaking. Such charges shall not be imposed or collected from undertakings that are not providing services in the territory of the Member State that has established the sharing mechanism.
Amendment 1070 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 92 – paragraph 1
Article 92 – paragraph 1
1. Providers of electronic communications networks or services shall not apply any discriminatory requirements or conditions of access or use to end-users based on the end-user's nationality or place of residence unless such differences are objectively justified.
Amendment 1071 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 92 – paragraph 1 a (new)
Article 92 – paragraph 1 a (new)
2. Providers of electronic communications services to the public shall not apply tariffs for intra-Union communications terminating in another Member State which are higher, unless objectively justified: a) as regards fixed communications, than tariffs for domestic long-distance communications; b) as regards mobile communications, than the euro-tariffs for regulated voice, data and SMS roaming communications, respectively, established in Regulation (EU) No 2015/2120.
Amendment 1078 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 94 – paragraph 1
Article 94 – paragraph 1
Member States shall not maintain orunder no circumstance introduce in their national law end-user protection provisions on the subject- matters covered by this Title and divthat undergming frome the provisions laid down in this Title, including more or less stringent provisions to ensure a different as it constitutes the minimum level of end-user protection, unless otherwise provided for in this Title to be pursued in the Union.
Amendment 1080 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 95 – paragraph 4 a (new)
Article 95 – paragraph 4 a (new)
4 a. Providers of publicly available electronic communications services other than number-independent interpersonal communications services shall incorporate the information mentioned in paragraphs 1, 2 and 4 as part of the contract itself.
Amendment 1085 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 98 – paragraph 3
Article 98 – paragraph 3
3. End-users shall have the right to terminate their contract without incurring any costs upon notice of changes in the contractual conditions proposed by the provider of publicly available electronic communications services other than number-independent interpersonal communications services, unless the proposed changes are exclusively to the benefit of the end-user or they are strictly necessary to implement legislative or regulatory changes. Providers shall notify end-users, at least one month in advance, of any such change, and shall inform them at the same time of their right to terminate their contract without incurring any costs if they do not accept the new conditions. Member States shall ensure that notification is made in a clear and comprehensible manner on a durable medium and in a format chosen by the end- user at the time of concluding the contract.
Amendment 1086 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 98 – paragraph 4 a (new)
Article 98 – paragraph 4 a (new)
4 a. Any significant discrepancy, continuous or regularly recurring, between the actual performance of the electronic communication service regarding the quality of service parameters and the performance indicated by the provider of the electronic communication service, where the relevant facts are established by a monitoring mechanism certified by the national regulatory authority, be deemed to constitute non-conformity of performance for the purposes of triggering the remedies available to the consumer in accordance with Union and national law.
Amendment 1087 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 99 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 1
Article 99 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 1
In case of switching between providers of internet acceselectronic communications services, other than number-independent interpersonal communications services, the providers concerned shall provide the end-user with adequate information before and during the switching process and ensure continuity of the service. The receiving provider shall ensure that the activation of the service shall occur on the date agreed with the end- user. The transferring provider shall continue to provide its services on the same terms until the services of the receiving provider are activated. Loss of service during the switching process shall not exceed one working day.
Amendment 1146 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex V – point 11 a (new)
Annex V – point 11 a (new)
(11 a) e-Health services
Amendment 1147 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex VII – subheading 1
Annex VII – subheading 1
CALCULATING THE NET COST, IF ANY, OF UNIVERSAL SERVICE OBLIGATIONS AND ESTABLISHING ANY RECOVERY OR SHARING MECHANISM IN ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLES 84 AND 85
Amendment 1148 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex VII – subheading 1 a (new)
Annex VII – subheading 1 a (new)
PART A: CALCULATION OF NET COST
Amendment 1149 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex VII – paragraph 3 – subparagraph 2 a (new)
Annex VII – paragraph 3 – subparagraph 2 a (new)
PART B: RECOVERY OF ANY NET COSTS OF UNIVERSAL SERVICE OBLIGATIONS The recovery or financing of any net costs of universal service obligations requires designated undertakings with universal service obligations to be compensated for the services they provide under non- commercial conditions. Because such a compensation involves financial transfers, Member States are to ensure that these are undertaken in an objective, transparent, non-discriminatory and proportionate manner. This means that the transfers result in the least distortion to competition and to user demand. In accordance with Article 85(3), a sharing mechanism based on a fund should use a transparent and neutral means for collecting contributions that avoids the danger of a double imposition of contributions falling on both outputs and inputs of undertakings. The independent body administering the fund is to be responsible for collecting contributions from undertakings which are assessed as liable to contribute to the net cost of universal service obligations in the Member State and is to oversee the transfer of sums due and/or administrative payments to the undertakings entitled to receive payments from the fund.