45 Amendments of Attila ARA-KOVÁCS related to 2020/2256(INI)
Amendment 2 #
Motion for a resolution
Citation 18 a (new)
Citation 18 a (new)
— having regard to the Council conclusions on the EU’s Cybersecurity Strategy for the Digital Decade of 9 March 2021,
Amendment 5 #
Motion for a resolution
Citation 18 b (new)
Citation 18 b (new)
— having regard to the UN Agenda for Disarmament - Securing our Common Future,
Amendment 6 #
Motion for a resolution
Citation 18 c (new)
Citation 18 c (new)
— having regards to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, in particular to SDG 16, aiming at the promotion of peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development,
Amendment 7 #
Motion for a resolution
Citation 18 d (new)
Citation 18 d (new)
— having regard to the European Court of Auditors Review No 09/2019 on European Defence,
Amendment 10 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital -A (new)
Recital -A (new)
-A. whereas the European Union is committed to the application of existing international law in cyberspace, in particular the UN Charter which calls on states to settle international disputes by peaceful means and to refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations”;
Amendment 12 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital A
Recital A
A. whereas the EU and its Member States must further strengthen cyber resilience and develop common and robust cyber security and defence capabilities and cooperation in order to respond to lasting security challenges;
Amendment 13 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital B
Recital B
B. whereas in recent years, we have seen continuous growth in malicious cyber operations conducted by state and non-state actoragainst the EU and its Member States, conducted by state and non-state actors, including attacks to disrupt critical infrastructure such as energy, transportation or healthcare; as well as numerous cyber-enabled foreign interferences, which have blurred the limit between peace and hostilities;
Amendment 20 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital C
Recital C
C. whereas conflicts can take place in all physical (land, air, sea and space) and virtual (cyber) domains, and may be amplified throughyberspace is now recognized as a domain of operation; whereas the European Union’s security environment becomes more complex due to the use of elements of hybrid warfare, proxy wars, offensive and defensive use of cyber capabilities and strategic attacks to disrupt critical infrastructure;
Amendment 25 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital D
Recital D
D. whereas the European External Action Service (EEAS), the European Commission and European Defence Agency (EDA) should support Member States in coordinating and stepping up their efforts to deliver cyber defence capabilities and technologies, addressing all aspects of capability development, including doctrine, leadership, organisation, personnel, training, industry, technology, infrastructure, logistics and, interoperability and resources;
Amendment 33 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital F
Recital F
F. whereas the increasing integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into defence forces’ offensive cyber capabilities (cyber- physical systems, including the communication and data links between vehicles in a networked system) may lead to vulnerabilities to electronic warfare attacks such as jamming, spoofing or hacking;
Amendment 34 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital F a (new)
Recital F a (new)
F a. whereas the European Court of Auditors pointed to capability gaps in the area of ICT technologies, cyber warfare and AI;
Amendment 39 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital G
Recital G
G. whereas raising the level of cyber security withinand cyber defence of the EU is a necessary corollary to the success of Europe’s digital and geopolitical ambitions;
Amendment 42 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital G a (new)
Recital G a (new)
G a. whereas the June 2017 Council Conclusions establishing a Framework for a Joint EU Diplomatic Response to Malicious Cyber Activities (“Cyber Diplomacy Toolbox”) showed the added value of a joint EU diplomatic response to malicious cyber activities;
Amendment 46 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital H
Recital H
H. whereas the Council decided for the first time on 30 July 2020 to impose restrictive measures against individuals and, entities and bodies responsible for or involved in various cyber-attacks in order to better prevent, discourage, deter and respond to malicious behavior in cyberspace; whereas the legal framework for targeted restrictive measures against cyber-attackhe EU cyber sanctions regimes was adopted in May 2019;
Amendment 48 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital I
Recital I
I. whereas EU-NATO cooperation has increased across multiple fields, including cyber defencesecurity and defence, inline with the 2016 EU-NATO Joint Declaration has increased over the past years;
Amendment 59 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 1
Paragraph 1
1. Underlines that a common cyber defence policy and a substantial cyber defence capabilityies are core elements for the development of the European Defence Union; stresses the urgent need to strengthen EU and the Member State cyber defence capabilities;
Amendment 68 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 2
Paragraph 2
2. Recalls that the borderless nature of cyber space ands well as the substantial number of cyber-attacks make them a threat requiring intensified EU-NATO cooperation andand increasing complexity of cyber-attacks require a coordinated Union- level response, including common Member States support capabilities, as well as intensified international cooperation, among them between the EU and NATO;
Amendment 72 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 3
Paragraph 3
3. Welcomes the CDPF as a tool to support the development of EU Member States cyber defence capabilities; Stresses that the review of the Cyber Defence Policy Framework (CDPF) should enhance coordination between EU actors, notably the EEAS, the EU Military Staff, the European Commission, the European Defence Agency (EDA)institutions, agencies and bodies, between and with Member States, as well as with the European Parliament, in order to ensure the updated CDPF achieves the EU’s cyber defence objectives;
Amendment 76 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 4
Paragraph 4
4. Calls on the EEAS and the European Commission, in cooperation with the Member States, to further develop a coherent IT security policy to strengthen cyber defence coordination; urges a cooperation strategy withnotes that the EU’s Computer Emergency Response Teams (CERT-EU) tois responsible for the protection of networks used by all EU institutions, bodies and agencies, in close cooperation with CIOs in the respective entities; calls on the European Parliament to ensure its participation in CERT-EU results to ensured, which would guarantee a level of IT security that will allow it to receive all the necessary classified and non-classified information to carry out its responsibilities under the Treaties, including as a result of the current process to replace the 2002 Inter-Institutional Agreement on access to information in the area of security and defence; calls on the EEAS to ensure the adequate levels of cybersecurity for the EEAS assets, premises and activities, including the headquarters, EU delegations and CSDP missions and operations;
Amendment 83 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 5
Paragraph 5
5. Notes the 2018 CDPF’s objective to setup an EU Military CERT-Network; calls on the EU Member States to significantly increase classified information sharing, to develop a European rapid and secure network to counter cyber-attacks; acknowledges the launch of the information sharing and situational awareness platform - Cyber Crises Liaison Organisation Network (CyCLONe) on 29 September 2020;
Amendment 90 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 6
Paragraph 6
6. Recalls that the 2018 EU Capability Development Priorities (CDP) made cyber defence a key priorityreflected on the need to develop full-spectrum capabilities and made cyber defence capabilities as a key priority; reminds that the CDP underlined that cyber situational awareness technologies and defensive cyber technologies are essential to counter security threats to the EU and Member States’ command and control structures; welcomes the EDA’s projects to improve overall EU Member States efforts in this field; takes note of the EDA’s CyDRE project, which should develop an enterprise architecture for cyberspace operations, including scope, functionalities and requirements, based upon national and EU legislation;
Amendment 97 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 8
Paragraph 8
8. NReminds that the EDIDP included intelligence, secured communication and cyber-defence in its work programmes; particularly welcomes the call for Easily deployable and interconnected cyber toolbox for defence; notes that the European Defence Fund (EDF), will also support strengthening resilience, and improve preparedness, responsiveness and cooperation in the cyber domain;
Amendment 105 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 9
Paragraph 9
9. Welcomes the progress achieved byincreased cooperation among Member States in the domain of cyber defence and C4ISR in the framework of the Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO), including Cyber Rapid Response Teams and Mutual Assistance in Cybersecurity project; recalls that PESCO offers excellent ways to speed up cyber security initiatives, such as through the Cyber Threats and Incident Response Information Sharing Platform and Cyber and Information Domain Coordination Centre;
Amendment 108 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 9 a (new)
Paragraph 9 a (new)
9 a. Recalls that the successful implementation of EU missions and operations is increasingly dependent on uninterrupted access to a secure cyberspace, and thus requires robust and resilient cyber operational capabilities, as well as adequate responses to attacks against military installations, missions and operations;
Amendment 112 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 10
Paragraph 10
10. Emphasises that in line with the Civilian CSDP Compact, civilian CSDP must be cyber resilient and support third countries,’ cyber capacity-building including through Monitoring, Mentoring, and Advice; recommends to explore options to foster the cyber capability- building of our partners such as extending the mandate of EU Training Missions to also comprise cyber defence aspects or to launch Civilian cyber missions;
Amendment 118 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 11
Paragraph 11
11. Welcomes the Council’s June 2019 framework, which allows targeted restrictive measures to deter and respond to cyber-attacks that constitute a threat to the EU or its Member States, including cyber- attacks against third countries or international organisations; welcomes the imposition of such restrictive measures in July 2020 and October 2020 as a credible step in strengthenimplementing the EU’s cyber diplomacy toolbox and strengthening EU’s cyber deterrence posture;
Amendment 121 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 11 a (new)
Paragraph 11 a (new)
11 a. Welcomes the plans to establish EU cyber intelligence working group within EU intelligence and Situation Centre (INTCEN) to advance strategic intelligence cooperation on cyber threats;
Amendment 124 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 12
Paragraph 12
12. WRecalls that given the dual nature of cybertechnologies, secured civilian products and services are key to the military and thus contributes to better cyber defence; therefore welcomes the work led by ENISA involving the Member States and interested stakeholders to provide the EU with certification schemes for ICT products, services and processes in order to raise the overall level of cybersecurity within the digital single market; stresses the EU’s pivotal pioneering role in developing standards that shape the cybersecurity landscape, contribute to fair competition within the EU and on the global stage, and react to extraterritorial measures and security risks from third countries;
Amendment 127 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 12 a (new)
Paragraph 12 a (new)
12 a. Welcomes the progress made by some EU Members States in establishing cyber commands within their military;
Amendment 135 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 14
Paragraph 14
14. Insists that the Strategic Compass, should deepen thecontribute to creating a common strategic culture in the cyber domain and remove any duplication of capabilities and mandates; stresses that it is essential to overcome the current fragmentation and complexity of the overall cyber architecture within the EU;
Amendment 151 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 15
Paragraph 15
15. Stresses that fragmentation is accompanied by serious concerns over resources and staff at the EU level; urges the VP/HR and/or the Member Statesthe need to increase financial and personnel resources, in particular cyber intelligence analysts and experts in cyber forensics; calls for further funding for CERT-EU and the creation of an EU so support Member States in establishing and strengthening Security oOperations centre Centres (SOCs) in order to build a network of SOCs across the EU;
Amendment 154 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 15 a (new)
Paragraph 15 a (new)
15 a. Notes the important training work undertaken by the European Security and Defence College in the cyber defence field, and welcomes in this respect the establishment of the Cyber Education, Training, Evaluation and Exercise (ETEE) Platform, aiming at addressing cyber security and defence training among the civilian and military personnel as well as establishing the necessary harmonization and standardization in cyber related training; stresses that ESDC should benefit from structural Union funding to be able to enhance its contribution to foster the EU cyber defence skills, especially given the increased need for top level cyber experts;
Amendment 156 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 15 b (new)
Paragraph 15 b (new)
15 b. Underlines the need for EU cyber defence policies to incorporate gender considerations and to be ambitious in filling the gender gap among cyber defence professionals, notably through active gender-inclusive policies and tailored training programmes for women;
Amendment 158 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 16
Paragraph 16
16. Recalls that cyber defence has bothrequires strong military and civilian dimensions; calls on the VP/HR, therefore,cooperation, synergies and coherence of instruments; therefore calls on the EU Commission to develop an integrated policy approach and close cooperation between the Military CEComputer Security Incident Response Teams CSIRT-s Network and CERT-EUthe foreseen Military CERT-Network;
Amendment 162 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 16 a (new)
Paragraph 16 a (new)
16 a. Stresses that cyber defence capabilities are crucial for ensuring secure and resilient information exchange and protection between intelligence EU and MS entities and SatCen in both security from space (GEOINT)and in space (SST) in order to preserve and enhance the required strategic autonomy on situational awareness at EU level.
Amendment 176 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 18
Paragraph 18
18. Recalls that improving cyber defence capabilities also requires, given their often dual-use nature, civilian network and information security expertise; notes the importance of promoting civil-military cooperation; welcomes the proposed revision of the Directive on security of network and information systems (NIS) and of current EU law, seeking to protect critical infrastructures, enhance supply chain security and the inclusion of regulated actors in the digital ecosystem;
Amendment 181 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 19
Paragraph 19
19. Welcomes the Commission’s Action Plan Oon Synergies between civil, defence and space industries, and recalls the close interdependence of these three sectors infor cyber defence; notes that, differently from other military domains, cyber space is mainly owned by commercial entities based mostly outside the EU, which leads to industrial and technological dependencies on third parties; notes the important work conducted by EU SatCen and underlines that the Union must have adequate resources in the fields of space imagery and intelligence-gathering, stressesthat EU SatCen should benefit from structural Union funding to be able to maintain its contributions to the Union’s actions; underlines the need fort he EU to strive to prevent the weaponization of space; strongly believes that the EU needs to increase its technological sovereignty and innovation, supporting research and technology investing in the ethical use of new technologies in security and defence such as alike Artificial iIntelligence (AI) and quantum computing; stresses however that the military use of AI must respect international Human Rights law and international humanitarian law, and that the EU shall take the lead in promoting a global AI regulatory framework rooted in democratic values and a human-in-the- loop approach;
Amendment 208 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 22
Paragraph 22
22. Considers thate EU-NATO cyber cooperation is crucial, as itwhich could enables and stroengthen formal collective attribution and thus the imposition of restrictive sanctions; notes that functioningof cyber malicious incidents and consequently the imposition of restrictive sanctions and measures; notes that effective cyber deterrence would be achieved if adversaries weperpetrators are aware of the catalogue of possible countermeasures (based on the severity, /scale, and /target of the cyber- attacks); calls on Member States to fully share evidence and intelligence in order to feed into the establishment of cyber sanction lists;
Amendment 231 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 24
Paragraph 24
24. Calls for further synchronisation of EU-NATO cooperation, notably on cyber defence interoperability requirements, by looking for possible complementarities, avoiding duplication and acknowledging their respective responsibilities; welcomes the progress made in the EU-NATO cooperation in the cyber defence field, notably on the exchanges of concepts and doctrines, on cross participation in cyber exercices and on cross-briefings notably on the cyber dimension of crisis managements;
Amendment 236 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 24 a (new)
Paragraph 24 a (new)
24 a. Underlines the important to develop effective international cooperation tools to support the strengthening of partners’ cyber capacity building, as well as to develop and promote confidence-building measures;
Amendment 238 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 24 b (new)
Paragraph 24 b (new)
24 b. Encourages the further promotion of the OSCE confidence-building measures for cyberspace;
Amendment 242 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 25
Paragraph 25
25. Calls for closer coordination on cyber defence between Member States, the EU institutions, NATO, the United States and other strategic partnN, OSCE, other strategic partners and partnership countries, and for inclusive cooperation with civil society and stakeholders; underlines the urgent need for implementing the widely- recognised international normative framework for responsible state behaviour in cyberspace;
Amendment 248 #
26. CEmphasizes the need to ensure peace and stability in the cyberspace; calls on all Member States and the EU to show leadership during discussions and initiatives under the auspices of the UN to help truly promotenited Nations (UN) to help truly advance accountability, adherence to emerging norms, prevention of the misuse of digital technologies and responsible state behaviour in cyber space, building on the consensus reports of the UN GGEroup of Governmental Experts endorsed by the UN General Assembly; encourages the UN to foster dialogue among States, researchers, academics, civil society organisations, humanitarian actors and the private sector so as to have inclusive policymaking processes on new international provisions; calls for all existing multilateral efforts to be accelerated so that normative and regulatory frameworks are not outpaced by technological development and new methods of warfare. calls for global negotiations to put in place an AI arms control regime; calls for UN peacekeeping missions to be reinforced with cyber defence capacities in line with the effective implementation of their mandates;
Amendment 253 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 26 a (new)
Paragraph 26 a (new)
26 a. Recalls its position on a ban on development, production and use of fully autonomous weapons enabling strikes to be carried out without meaningful human intervention; calls on the HR/VP, the Member States and the European Council to adopt a common position on autonomous weapons system, that ensures meaningful human control over the critical functions of weapons systems; demands the start of international negotiations on a legally binding instrument that would prohibits fully autonomous weapons;
Amendment 256 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 26 b (new)
Paragraph 26 b (new)
26 b. Underlines the importance of cooperation with National Parliaments in order to exchange best practices of the area of cyber defence;