27 Amendments of Attila ARA-KOVÁCS related to 2022/2078(INI)
Amendment 3 #
Motion for a resolution
Citation 38 a (new)
Citation 38 a (new)
– having regard to the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (A/RES/2222 (XXI)) of 19 December 1966,
Amendment 4 #
Motion for a resolution
Citation 39 a (new)
Citation 39 a (new)
– having regard to the Treaty banning nuclear weapon tests in the atmosphere, in outer space and under water of 5 August 1963,
Amendment 5 #
Motion for a resolution
Citation 40 a (new)
Citation 40 a (new)
– having regard to the Convention on the Prohibition of Military or any Other Hostile use of Environmental Modification Technique of 10 December 1976,
Amendment 6 #
Motion for a resolution
Citation 40 b (new)
Citation 40 b (new)
– having regard to the Climate Change and Defence Roadmap of 9 November 2020,
Amendment 44 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 1 – indent 1 (new)
Paragraph 1 – indent 1 (new)
- Notes that the Climate Change and Defence Roadmap recognises climate change as a ‘threat multiplier that fundamentally affects our long-term security’ and sets out concrete actions to address the increasingly important climate and security nexus; stresses the importance of closely monitoring and reporting on climate change through the use of EU space capabilities due to its crucial consequences on the Union’s security, its effect on conflicts in neighbouring regions, migration flows, and implications on food security, energy production and international trade;
Amendment 46 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 2
Paragraph 2
2. Notes that the upsurge in risks and threats in space is good reason to bolsternecessitates a major improvement to the resilience of European space infrastructure, systems and services;
Amendment 54 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 4
Paragraph 4
4. Notes that 11 of the 27 Member States have already introduced national space laws; welcomes the Commission’s initiative to propose space legislation for the EU establishing a common, harmonised and coherent security framework to bolster the resilience of EU space services and prevent excessive fragmentation of the global space market; points out that this framework is eagerly awaited by the Member States and the main industrial players in the space sectorwider space industry, including major industrial players and SMEs; emphasises the need to establish an effective regulatory framework for new space companies based in the European Union, with significant emphasis on protective measures and information security, in alignment with the security needs of the Union;
Amendment 64 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 5
Paragraph 5
5. Calls for the regulatory and capacity resources for space traffic management to be boosted with the aim of better protecting the EU’s infrastructure in orbit; calls on the Member States to consolidate their efforts in the field of space surveillance and the tracking of objects in an effort to reducing the risk of collision; calls for increased international cooperation in the field of space traffic management;
Amendment 72 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 6
Paragraph 6
6. Calls for the IRIS² secure connectivity constellation to be swiftly set up and made ready for use with a view to providing constant access to secure and sovereign connectivity services that meet the Member States’ operational needs; tactical and strategical needs, including governmental applications in domains such as crisis management, protection of key government infrastructure and surveillance; notes the importance of satellite-based secure connectivity, including through the use of quantum encryption as well as space-based earth observation as critical enablers; furthermore, emphasises the importance of IRIS² towards the effective implementation of the EU’s Common Security and Defence Policy, through supporting its ongoing missions abroad, providing secure connectivity for the Rapid Deployment Capacity, and in assisting crisis response efforts across the globe if necessary;
Amendment 81 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 7
Paragraph 7
7. Takes the view that, with a view to maintaining continuity of service if an incident takes place, protective measures should be made more robust by systematically integrating cybersecurity requirements by design and throughout the lifespan of existing components; emphasises the need for constant cooperation with the private sector to further incorporate, and constantly update, cybersecurity measures during their design and protection process, through constant dialogue and exchange of best practices where possible;
Amendment 88 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 8
Paragraph 8
8. Stresses that capacity for autonomous access to space is an essential element of European space policy; takes the view, therefore, that a special, synergy- based effort must be made to further the long-term production of European launchers and the long-term development of spaceports, furthering the EU’s strategic autonomy in the space domain and reducing dependence on third country launchers; emphasises the importance of the existence of geographical diversified spaceports and launch complexes;
Amendment 102 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 9
Paragraph 9
9. Notes that, given the intensification of threats in the space sector, the EU and its Member States must bolster their capabilities to detect, categorise and attribute a threat; notes with concern that the space and cyberspace domains as well as joint and enabling capabilities appear to be less funded than traditional domains such as air, land and maritime, as demonstrated in the 2022 Coordinated Annual Review on Defence Report;
Amendment 109 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 10
Paragraph 10
10. Stresses that space domain awareness (SDA) is essential to attributing a threat and enabling Member States to take appropriate decisions in the event of a space attack; stresses that few Member States currently possess the necessary sensors for accurate SDA and thus strongly encourages the Member States to supply the information needed to attribute hostile behaviour, for which secure, robust and reliable communication and exchange capabilities at EU level will need to be established; further adds that information exchange should also include frequent exchange of best practices between Member States, with the participation of EU institutions;
Amendment 116 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 11
Paragraph 11
11. Welcomes the proposal set out in the strategy to amend Decision 2021/698 with a view to attributing and addressing threats to space programme services; calls for more meaningful responses on solidarity mechanisms to be taken at EU level; calls for further work to be done to make the mutual assistance clause ready for use (Article 42(7) TEU) through testing and agreeing on the modalities for identifying an attack, attributing the attacker and preparing the necessary response mechanisms;
Amendment 118 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 11 – indent 1 (new)
Paragraph 11 – indent 1 (new)
- Calls for the further development of EU Hybrid Toolbox with the aim of addressing the different types of threats in the space domain;
Amendment 121 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 12
Paragraph 12
12. Stresses that exercises are essential to testing and validating the EU’s response to space threats; as well as building a greater shared awareness towards space threats and cultivating a common strategic culture in the space domain;
Amendment 124 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 13
Paragraph 13
13. Calls for the EU to adopt a genuine industrial policy and to be able to draw upon a competitive industry, including through the creation of Important Projects of Common European Interest (IPCEI) where necessary; takes the view that EU support to enable Member States to develop their capacity must primarily benefit European industrial players (both long-established groups and innovative SMEs); supports, at the same time, heavy investment in key technologies with the aim of reducing strategic dependence on third countries including through joint procurement of critical components and through securing the critical raw materials supply chains; emphasises the importance of the European Commission’s Observatory of Critical Technologies in detecting and monitoring the creation of dependenceies on third countries; calls on the European Commission to ensure the alignment between the Critical Raw Materials Act and the necessary needs of the space domain in the field of security and defence;
Amendment 138 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 14
Paragraph 14
14. Stresses that, if space capabilities are to be developed, the resources allocated to space in the next multiannual financial framework must be stepped upubstantially increased; stresses, in particular, the need to increase funding for space traffic management and space surveillance with a view to protecting the EU’s space infrastructure and addressing threats; draws attention to the need to achieve coherence in and provide visibility for all the different types of funding allocated via instruments to European space policy;
Amendment 141 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 15
Paragraph 15
15. Calls for coherence between existing instruments to be improved with a view to preventing unnecessary duplication of investments; considers it essential for funding to be properly channelled into those instruments, taking into account the capacities available at both EU and commercial level; supports joint programming between the European Developmentfence Fund, the EU Space Programme and Horizon Europe, Horizon Europe and the Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) projects in an effort to speed up the development of relevant capacities; stresses the importance of synergies between EU and national – civilian, space and defence – programmes to meet capability needs;
Amendment 144 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 16
Paragraph 16
16. Calls for the technical skills needed in public administration and businesses to be improved by further investing in trainingeducation and training; including through strong focus on the security and defence aspect of the space domain which can be organised by the European Security and Defence College where necessary; notes the importance of increased investment in space-related education at all educational levels, with a strong focus on greater gender equality in the field of space since only 30% of the workforce internationally is made up of women;
Amendment 154 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 18
Paragraph 18
18. Believes that governance is unique to each component of the space programme; stresses that those components, which have major implications for the security of the Member States, require harmonised governance that involves the Member States and EU institutions that makes it possible to protect information;
Amendment 163 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 20
Paragraph 20
20. Points out that governance must not duplicate existing means or circumvent Member States in areas such as threat attribution, which largely relies on national capabilities; stresses, in this regard, that SatCen’s experience and expertise and its trust-based relationship with Member States and industry can be usefully exploited in this area; emphasises the need to further increase SatCen’s funding to allow it to effectively execute its operations in light of increased demand for its products in recent years;
Amendment 165 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 21
Paragraph 21
21. Notes that the changing geopolitical landscape must spur the EU and its Member States on to reach common and coordinated positions so that they are able to set standards; supports multilateral solutions, reached within the UN framework, in the area of space governance; calls on the European Union and its Member States to reaffirm the applicability of international humanitarian law; and to call for a revision of the Outer Space Treaty, Partial Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty and the Convention on the Prohibition of Military or any Other Hostile use of Environmental Modification Technique, bringing them in line with technological developments and the increased number of threats in space; notes the need for international legal frameworks aimed at structural regulation of the New Space actors;
Amendment 176 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 22
Paragraph 22
22. Stresses the importance of developing cooperation with strategic partners; supports the continuation of an enhanced dialogue with the United States, while remaining vigilant to the risk that it may seek to steer or dictate outlooks, standards and rulesensuring the EU’s strategic autonomy, its ability to proactively act and decisively react to threats theo EU and Member States have not helped to shap’ assets and interests in space, and its role as an international power in space; calls for deeper cooperation and for alliances to be established with like-minthe broadedr states (the UK, Canada, Japan) or other EUet of EU strategic partners (India);
Amendment 182 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 23
Paragraph 23
23. Notes that NATO is conducting strategic reflection in the space domain; notes, howeverfurther notes, that the EU, in its own right and through its Member States and own capabilities, already has more developed programmes, capacities and institutions that do not compete with these advances; calls for closer cooperation between the EU and NATO to be pursued in areas of shared interest, while ensuring that the roles, competences and autonomy of the two organisations are scrupulously maintained and updated through continuous dialogue and reflection;
Amendment 189 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 24
Paragraph 24
24. Points out that the European Space Agency must continue to play its role as a technical agency for European satellite projects and that cooperation with it must be carried out within a framework which protects the essential interests of the Union; welcomes the ESA’s Civil Security from Space program which aims to foster the use of space-based solutions to act swiftly to support humanitarian responses, law enforcement, safety and emergency events, within and outside the EU;
Amendment 191 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 24 – indent 1 (new)
Paragraph 24 – indent 1 (new)
- Calls on Member States to fully comply with the eight criteria on arms exports in line with Council Common Position 2008/944/CFSP, which includes space capabilities and components with military use, and that their national exports do not fuel regional tensions or undermine the security of other Member States, allies, partners or of the EU as a whole, while fully supporting the legitimate security and defence needs of allies and partner countries;