Activities of Dragoş TUDORACHE related to 2020/2257(INI)
Shadow reports (1)
REPORT on EU-NATO cooperation in the context of transatlantic relations
Amendments (43)
Amendment 39 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital A a (new)
Recital A a (new)
Aa. whereas in November 2020, the EU’s first comprehensive, 360 degree, classified analysis on the full range of threats and challenges the EU faces, or might face in the near future, was prepared cooperatively by the EU member states’ intelligence services; whereas in November 2021,the Vice-President/High Representative (VP/HR) is scheduled to present a draft of the Strategic Compass, which Member States will then discuss and are scheduled to adopt in March 2022; whereas the Strategic Compass aims to facilitate the emergence of a “common European security and defence culture”;
Amendment 44 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital A b (new)
Recital A b (new)
Ab. whereas following the 2016 Joint Declaration, a process of cooperation between the EU and NATO was set in motion, centred around74 common proposals for actions: in the areas of countering hybrid threats; operational cooperation, including at sea and on migration; cybersecurity and defence; defence capabilities; defence industry and research; and exercises supporting Eastern and Southern partners’ capacity- building efforts;
Amendment 48 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital A c (new)
Recital A c (new)
Ac. whereas currently the only legal framework for EU-NATO relations continues to be the 2003 “Agreed Framework”, which is limited to the sharing of collective NATO planning structures, assets and capabilities with the EU when it comes to the planning and conducting of EU Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) military operations in accordance with the “Berlin Plus” arrangement;
Amendment 50 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital B
Recital B
B. whereas the EU and its Member States have, in particular since the publication of the 2016 EU Global Strategy, intensified their cooperation in the field of security and defence; whereas milestones include the establishment of the European Defence Fund (EDF) (and its precursor programmes), the launch of the Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) and the Coordinated Annual Review on Defence (CARD) as well as the agreement on the European Peace Facility (EPF);
Amendment 67 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital D a (new)
Recital D a (new)
Da. whereas democratic systems of governance are increasingly contested; whereas a number of NATO and EU members face internal challenges to democracy; and whereas, globally, there is a rise in authoritarian regimes’ influence and coordination;
Amendment 77 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 1
Paragraph 1
1. Welcomes the intensified EU- NATO cooperation that has been in place since the signature of the 2016 Joint Declaration, and underscores that the security of EU Member States and their citizens would strongly benefit from a truereinvigorated strategic EU-NATO partnership;
Amendment 99 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 3
Paragraph 3
3. Underscores that the EU-NATO partnership and transatlantic cooperation as a whole are built on common support for the core values of democracy, freedom, respect for human rights, the rule of law and the promotion of peace and international cooperation, and stresses that NATO is more than a military alliance and represents a symbol of a shared democratic identity;
Amendment 106 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 4
Paragraph 4
4. Underlines that NATO is a valued partner also to EU Member States which are not members of the alliance; recognises that NATO cooperates with some of the non-NATO EU Members inter alia through its Partnership for Peace (PfP) programme and Partnership Interoperability Initiative (PII); recalls that NATO cooperation with non-NATO EU Member States is an integral part of EU- NATO cooperation, and encourages the fullest possible involvement of the non- NATO EU Member States in the alliance’s initiatives;
Amendment 114 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 4 a (new)
Paragraph 4 a (new)
4a. Expresses nevertheless its concern that Turkey, a NATO member, is moving away from the respect for fundamental values and the rule of law, acted in a confrontational manner with two NATO members in the recent past, France and Greece, and is acquiring Russian military equipment;
Amendment 122 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 5
Paragraph 5
5. Highlights that the transatlantic community is faced with a broad array of unprecedented commonnovel challenges, ranging from the fight against terrorism to hybrid threats, climate change, disinformation, cyber attacks, malicious use of emerging and disruptive technologies (EDTs), and a shifting global power balance, as well as the resulting challenge to the international rules-based order; highlights that these challenges create vulnerabilities that enable third party interference and the exploitation of decreased democratic stability;
Amendment 130 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 5 a (new)
Paragraph 5 a (new)
5a. Is of the opinion that the shifting global order, the accelerating digital transformation and the rise of novel threats enabled by technology, alongside the rise of authoritarian influence worldwide, warrant a modernization of the NATO alliance in order to fulfil its goals of protecting democracy and ensuring the collective defence of its members; highlights that EU-NATO cooperation is fundamental to counter China’s ambitions for technological dominance and Russia’s malign use of technology;
Amendment 153 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 7
Paragraph 7
7. CWelcomes the NATO2030 strategic reflection process which paves the way towards a revision of NATO’s Strategic Concept with recommendations and ideas regarding NATO’s overall adaptation process; considers that the ongoing and future work being carried out in parallel on both the EU’s Strategic Compass and the expected update of NATO’s Strategic Concept represents a unique opportunity to identify additional synergies in order to further EU-NATO cooperation; calls on all actors involved to use this opportunity to link these processes as closely as possible at both political and technical levels, and to use them as guideposts for future cooperation; underlines that both processes must come to cohesive conclusions; expresses its vision that the EU Strategic Compass could lay the foundations for an EU contribution to the update of NATO’s Strategic Concept; believes that these processes should separately highlight the added value of each organisation, help define a better division of tasks and, by means of a constant dialogue and close coordination, map out whether the EU or NATO should take the lead in a given field;
Amendment 176 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 8 a (new)
Paragraph 8 a (new)
8a. Insists European initiatives aim at incentivising Member States engagement in the field of defence, thus contributing to the fulfilment of the Defence Investment Pledge;
Amendment 186 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 10
Paragraph 10
10. WelcomesTakes note of the requests by the United States, Canada, and Norway to participate in the PESCO project on military mobility; underlines that this marks an important step towards increased coherence between the common EU and NATO capability development efforts, and illustrates the revitalisation of the transatlantic partnershipto address the challenges in military mobility by adopting a whole-of-society perspective, protection of critical infrastructures and by working towards Europe-wide strategic multimodal transport corridors including alignment with Logistic Hubs, and illustrates the revitalisation of the transatlantic partnership; recalls that any third-country participation to a PESCO project must be made in accordance with the relevant rules as listed in the Council decision 2020/1639;
Amendment 197 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 11
Paragraph 11
11. Recalls the importance of close transatlantic cooperation in the areas of arms control, disarmament and non- proliferation; furthermore, sees potential for further transatlantic cooperation on a range of international issues, such as maritime security, pandemic response and in the areas of outer space and the fight against terrorism, as well as topics such as our relations with Iran, Iraq and Afghanistan, and the field of “Women, Peace and Security” (WPS);
Amendment 198 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 11
Paragraph 11
11. Recalls the importance of close transatlantic cooperation in the areas of arms control, disarmament and non- proliferation; furthermore, sees potential for further transatlantic cooperation on a range of international issues, such as the fight against terrorism, maritime security, pandemic response and in the areas of outer space and the fight against terrorism, emerging technologies and artificial intelligence, and cybersecurity;
Amendment 218 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 12 a (new)
Paragraph 12 a (new)
12a. Calls for enhanced coordination between the EU, the UN and NATO in Iraq, following the decision taken by Allied defence ministers to increase the size of NATO Mission Iraq in order to expand training activities to include more Iraqi security institutions and areas beyond Baghdad in February2021, and to support EUAM Iraq Mission’s efforts in developing effective, sustainable and accountable civilian security institutions in Iraq, that are in full rise;
Amendment 226 #
12b. Recalls that the North Atlantic Treaty is directly tied to the UN Charter; calls on NATO to demand from its members full compliance with all articles of the UN Charter, whereas the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) has ruled that freedom of expression is not guaranteed in Turkey;
Amendment 242 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 13
Paragraph 13
13. Expresses its utmost concern regarding the continuous revisionist policies pursued by Russia under President Putin; underscores the need for both NATO and the EU to remain vigilant and to adequately respond to acts of aggression and provocation by Russia, such as, in particular, its illegitimate and illegal annexation of Crimea in 2014, cyber attacks and disinformation campaigns against NATO, the EU and their member states and partners; regrets President Putin’s evident rejection of dialogue, and considers Russia’s continued aggressive actions as a threat to Euro- Atlanticinternational security and stability;
Amendment 245 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 13
Paragraph 13
13. Expresses its utmost concern regarding the continuous revisionist policies pursued by Russia under President Putin; underscores the need for both NATO and the EU to remain vigilant and to adequaswiftly and unitedly respond to acts of aggression and provocation by Russia, such as, in particular, its illegitimate and illegal annexation of Crimea in 2014; regrets President Putin’s evident rejection of dialogue, and considers Russia’s continued aggressive actions as a threat to Euro- Atlantic security and stability;
Amendment 263 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 14
Paragraph 14
14. Recognises that the growing influChina has growing ambitions as regards the global scence and military rise of China need to be met with a coordhas become a factor of geopolitical destabilization in many areas, challenging inated transatlantic strategrnational security and stability; expresses its concern regarding the policies pursued by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) when it comes to, among other things, the suppression of democracy in Hong Kong, the treatment of the Uyghurs in Xinjiang, threats towards Taiwan or aggressive policies and actions in the South China Sea, and hybrid actions such as cyber attacks and disinformation campaigns against the EU and NATO members; further points to the relevance of the fact that China, as a non-democraticn authoritarian regime, has entered into systemic competition with the transatlantic partnershipother major democratic actors by undermining the rules-based international order, and in turn is attempting to reshape it according to the CCP’s own values and interests;
Amendment 278 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 15
Paragraph 15
15. Expresses serious concern that adversaries and competitors of the transatlantic partnership are not only using military but also political and economic tools to undermine our societies and democracies; points to the significant security and economic challenges posed by hybrid threats, cyber attacks and disinformation campaigns, which in some cases constitute an attack against the very nature of our democracies; considers that the EU and NATO should seek to agree on and implement bolder ,coordinated, proportionate responses and adequate deterrence mechanisms to counter such novel threats;
Amendment 283 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 15 a (new)
Paragraph 15 a (new)
15a. Is deeply concerned about the behaviour of Turkey, one of its allies, regarding the human rights violations committed, the decline in democracy and women’s rights, the unfriendly actions carried out against some EU member states, and its destabilizing actions in Libya, Syria and in the Caucasus, including by spreading disinformation and false narratives against EU's actions;
Amendment 293 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 16 a (new)
Paragraph 16 a (new)
16a. Highlights that the new era of warfare has a strong technological component; highlights that the drivers of today’s innovation in the field of emerging technologies are civilian- oriented start-ups and SMEs; stresses that interoperability, common technological standards, and joint investment in cutting- edge technology, research and innovation are key to maintaining EU and NATO military competitiveness and relevance; further stresses that emerging technologies also offer unprecedented opportunities to strengthen our common deterrence and defence postures;
Amendment 294 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 16 a (new)
Paragraph 16 a (new)
16a. Recognises that hybrid and cyber attacks by hostile state and non-state actors lead to a blurred line between war and peace; calls for the EU to further develop its own toolbox for protecting critical infrastructure against hybrid attacks; welcomes the work undertaken in the framework of the European Defence Agency’s (EDA) Consultation Forum on Sustainable Energy in the Defence and Security Sector (CF SEDSS) to improve the protection of critical infrastructure within the EU;
Amendment 298 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 16 b (new)
Paragraph 16 b (new)
16b. Welcomes the work of the European Centre of Excellence for Countering Hybrid Threats (Hybrid COE), the “Computer Emergency Response Team for the EU Institutions, bodies and agencies” (CERT-EU)and NATO Computer Incident Response Capability (NCIRC) and sees this as a good example of EU-NATO cooperation; believes that common response to cyber threats could be further developed through the Hybrid COE , including by joint courses and training; is convinced that more steps are needed, such as efforts to better integrate civilian and military components, to advance common resilience and hence avert future hybrid threats; points furthermore to EU-NATO potential in shaping global cyber norms;
Amendment 299 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 16 b (new)
Paragraph 16 b (new)
16b. Calls on the EU and NATO to increase joint efforts for achieving and maintaining global technological ascendency in military capabilities, including through joint funding of research projects based on frontier technologies, quantum computing and artificial intelligence, offering a united alternative, anchored in shared democratic values, to Chinese development of cutting-edge military capabilities;
Amendment 301 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 16 c (new)
Paragraph 16 c (new)
16c. Notes the rapidity of technological developments, including digitalisation and the increased potential of artificial intelligence (AI) and calls on EU and NATO Member States to seek closer cooperation so that they maintain the technological edge regarding these megatrends, ensure interoperability of their IT systems and jointly strive to develop common ethical standards for these new technologies and to promote them globally;
Amendment 302 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 16 c (new)
Paragraph 16 c (new)
16c. Calls on the EU and NATO to increase coordination for securing critical digital infrastructure and telecommunications networks against tampering by foreign countries, phasing out equipment that is produced by entities from non-democratic countries such as China;
Amendment 309 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 17
Paragraph 17
17. Recognises the unprecedented challenge to global prosperity, security and stability posed by climate change as a ‘threat multiplier’; calls for enhanced EU- NATO dialogue on climate change and its multifaceted consequences for international security; recalls that the EU has a wider range of competences and instruments than a military alliance that allow it to provide a comprehensive response to the challenges posed by the control of foreign investments in strategic sectors, climate change, the COVID pandemic or an external action by combining military missions, civilian missions, governance assistance and rule of law and throughout its Common Security and Defence Policy;
Amendment 317 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 17 a (new)
Paragraph 17 a (new)
17a. Given the challenging security developments fuelled by Russia on Europe's and NATO's Eastern Flank, including Russia's use of protracted conflicts to maintain and expand its influence in countries that are both EU and NATO partners, such as Ukraine, Georgia, and the Republic of Moldova; given Russian attempts to alter the independence, territorial integrity, and sovereignty of these states; and because of those partners' European and, respectively, Euro-Atlantic aspirations, calls on the EU and NATO to leverage and expand current engagements in the Black Sea region and specifically further engage with those partners through a whole-of-society approach in order to ensure a secure and stable Black Sea region, as a premise for the freedom and prosperity of the people, delivering on the promise of a Europe free, whole and at peace;
Amendment 318 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 17 a (new)
Paragraph 17 a (new)
17a. Recognises that space is a critical domain and new technologies are rapidly enabling its use as one of the domains for defence; recognises that this creates both opportunities and challenges for the EU and NATO; acknowledges that NATO’s space operability depends on its Member States’ space-based assets, highlighting the need to enhance cooperation based on existing EU programs such as Galileo and Copernicus; believes that EU-NATO cooperation on space could help promote space safety standards and best practices across the international community;
Amendment 326 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 18
Paragraph 18
18. Is convinced that the Member States must increase their efforts to improve the EU’s ability to act with a more capable, deployable, interoperable and sustainable set of military capabilities and forces, which would give the EU the capacity to contribute more equitably to transatlantic security, enable it to achieve strategic autonomy, and further pave the way to progressively frame a European Defence Union (EDU) in line with Article 42 of the TEU; stresses that strategic autonomyincreased European military coherence and an increased European ability to act on the world stage strengthens transatlantic security, and by no means aims to decouple from or weaken NATO; underlines at the same time that strategic autonomythe European Union needs not only entails defence capability development but also the institutional capacity enabling the EUthat enables it to act, where possible with partners, and independently if necessary; believes that these increased European military efforts will allow the EU to take greater responsibility for European security, and to better promote common EU-NATO interests and values, in particular in the European neighbourhood; underlines that increased European military efforts and capabilities should be complementary to and, interoperable with, NATO efforts and capabilities;
Amendment 337 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 18 a (new)
Paragraph 18 a (new)
18a. Calls for the EU and U.S. to spearhead a pact with other democracies to strengthen multilateral organisations to defend the rules-based multilateral order against rising authoritarian powers. The transatlantic alliance has to be strengthened further in order to lead the struggle for a rules-based international order;
Amendment 342 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 19
Paragraph 19
19. Underscores the need to advance defence capability development in order to adequately respond to commonly identified threats; believes that EU Member States, especially the 21 joint EU-NATO members, need to act coherently and should consider identifying a clear ‘European level of ambition’ in quantitative and qualitative terms regarding capability development in NATO, in particular by increasing their investment in research and innovation; encourages stronger efforts by members of both organisations to achieve greater synergies and coordination betweencoherence between NATO’s Defence Planning Process (NDPP) and EU initiatives on capability development, in particular the High-Impact Capability Goals (HICG), the EU’s Capability Development Plan (CDP), and the EU’s Coordinated Annual Review on Defence (CARD) and NATO’s Defence Planning Process (NDPP); ; calls the 21 common EU-NATO members to declare the same pool of capabilities potentially available in both frameworks for planning purpose in application of the “single set of forces” principle;
Amendment 345 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 19
Paragraph 19
19. Underscores the need to advance defence capability development in order to adequately respond to commonly identified threats; believes that EU Member States, especially the 21 joint EU-NATO members, need to act coherently and should consider identifying a clear ‘European level of ambition’, without disregard for the transatlantic partnership, in quantitative and qualitative terms regarding capability development in NATO; encourages stronger efforts by members of both organisations to achieve greater synergies and coordination between the EU’s Capability Development Plan (CDP), the EU’s Coordinated Annual Review on Defence (CARD) and NATO’s Defence Planning Process (NDPP);
Amendment 370 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 20 c (new)
Paragraph 20 c (new)
20c. Expresses the expectation that the completion of the Strategic Compass will deepen EU solidarity and help progress towards a common strategic culture among Member States; welcomes the November 2020 first common threat analysis and calls to move forward towards an agreed common threat assessment; considers that the EU's integrated approach could be updated to take into account the findings of the threat analysis undertaken within the Strategic Compass process;
Amendment 373 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 21
Paragraph 21
21. Underscores the importance of a strong, competitive and innovative European Defence Technological and Industrial Base (EDTIB), which not only secures and creates European jobs but is also essential for enabling the alliance to meet its capability requirements and hence ensure Europe’s safety; calls for further efforts to ensure a fully functional common defence market; highlights the importance of the EDF and calls for a strategic long- term orientation of its project funding; underscores the importance of cooperation between the EDA and NATO and recognises the value of EU defence industrial cooperation within the Trans- Atlantic Defence Technological and Industrial Cooperation (TADIC) and recalls the long-term ambition of building strong transatlantic cooperation in the defence and industrial sector addressing inter alia issues related to security of supplies, common approach to intellectual property rights, foreign direct investments, and equal access to the defence market;
Amendment 379 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 21 a (new)
Paragraph 21 a (new)
21a. Stresses that the EU and NATO are also increasingly embroiled in hybrid conflicts with geopolitical adversaries, which contrary to ‘traditional’ warfare, combine military and non-military, as well as covert and non-cover means; Underlines that these acts are of a particularly destabilising and dangerous nature as they blur the lines between war and peace, destabilise democracies and sow doubt in the minds of target populations; Recalls that these attacks are by itself often not serious enough to trigger Article 5 of the NATO treaty, but have an cumulative strategic effect and cannot be effectively tackled by retorsions from the injured states; Believes that the EU and NATO should therefore strive to find a solution to fill this legal vacuum, increase the costs of these hybrid attacks and finally, deter adversaries;
Amendment 409 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 24 a (new)
Paragraph 24 a (new)
24a. Welcomes the fact that significant amounts of EU funds have been allocated for collaborative defence projects, despite not matching initial ambitions; welcomes the indispensable role of the EU when it comes to enhancing military mobility, and demands a significant increase in efforts made to implement this project particularly through PESCO but also by encouraging Member States to stimulate their industrial bases to propose competitive projects eligible for EU co- funding ; calls for increased synergies on the EU side between the various actors involved; emphasises that a whole-of- government approach involving the EU institutions, NATO, and Member States is necessary for military mobility to succeed; Underlines that military mobility is essential for effective defence and deterrence; welcomes the announced requests and interest by non-EU NATO allies to join the PESCO project on military mobility and encourages further participation in this important flagship project; believes that this project demonstrates both the added value of EU- NATO cooperation as well as the proof of how EU instruments and competences can contribute to NATO’s collective defence; recalls that 38 of the 46 current PESCO projects respond to NATO defence planning priorities and welcomes potential third-country participation in such projects, in line with the provisions of the relevant Council Decision;
Amendment 419 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 26
Paragraph 26
26. Reiterates its previous calls for the EU and NATO to organise regular joint exercises, ensuring the involvement of all Member States and allies; Underlines the principle of inclusiveness, and encourages an increased level of joint informal meetings, as well as joint statements and communications by EU and NATO Institutions’ principals; reiterates its previous calls for the EU and NATO to organise regular, and more ambitious, joint exercises, building on the existing practice of Parallel and Coordinated Exercises (PACE), ensuring the involvement of all Member States and allies, which would serve to enhance mutual EU-NATO understanding and further enhance staff-to-staff cooperation; furthermore notes the need and functional advantage of aiming for common exercises, building on the lesson learned from PACE; encourages an enhanced exchange of unclassified and classified information in future exercises as a first step for the exchange of information in real crisis situations;
Amendment 434 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 28
Paragraph 28
Amendment 473 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 32 a (new)
Paragraph 32 a (new)
32a. Calls on NATO and the EU to increase joint action on the international stage for protecting democracy, including by acting united and promptly when there is democratic backsliding in member states or when member states engage in bilateral agreements that contradict their membership obligations in NATO and the EU;