56 Amendments of Martin HOJSÍK related to 2024/2718(RSP)
Amendment 15 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Citation 45 a (new)
Citation 45 a (new)
– having regard to the Global Framework on Chemicals – For a Planet Free of Harm from Chemicals and Waste, adopted under UNEP in September 2023,1b _________________ 1b https://www.chemicalsframework.org/pag e/text-global-framework-chemicals
Amendment 36 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Recital C a (new)
Recital C a (new)
Ca. whereas the effects of heat may be exacerbated in cities, home to more than half of the world population, due to the urban heat island effect; whereas over the last 100 years this resulted in an increased temperature by as much as 3° C1a; whereas increased occurrence of heatwaves results in soaring energy use, lowered labour productivity and health risks, leading to a rise in heatwave deaths, including in Europe1b; _________________ 1a World Economic Forum https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Bi odiverCities_by_2030_2022.pdf , example of Tokyo 1b UN 2024: Heatwave deaths increased across almost all Europe in 2023, says UN weather agency, available at: https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/04/1148 7960
Amendment 38 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Recital C b (new)
Recital C b (new)
Cb. whereas natural solutions, the incorporation of green infrastructure and installation of natural shading reduce temperatures in cities; whereas data from a flagship example in South America show decrease in urban temperature by 2 degrees after implementation of natural solutions1a; whereas strategic decisions and actions include installation of natural shading to decrease urban heatwave casualties1b; _________________ 1a https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2024/01 /nature-positive-cities-tackle-extreme- heat/ 1b idem 1a
Amendment 62 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Recital G a (new)
Recital G a (new)
Ga. whereas all IPCC mitigation pathways consistent with limiting temperature rise to 1.5°C involve, in addition to decarbonisation, very significant changes in current land-use trajectories to tackle and reverse these emissions1a ; whereas halt of deforestation, stepping up forest protection, maintenance and introduction of agroforestry, afforestation and reforestation, and responsible sourcing are among the key mitigation actions; _________________ 1a UNEP 2021, https://wedocs.unep.org/xmlui/bitstream/h andle/20.500.11822/37318/NBSCCM.pdf
Amendment 65 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Recital G b (new)
Recital G b (new)
Gb. whereas IPCC Guidelines now recognise the importance of differentiating Global Ecological Zones (GEZs) and primary and secondary forests, with significant changes made between 2006 and 2019 Guidelines; whereas field measurements of biomass at sites of primary forests still show higher carbon stocks than IPCC default values which have uncertainty levels of 90% and many data gaps1a _________________ 1a Keith, H., Kun, Z., Hugh, S. et al. Carbon carrying capacity in primary forests shows potential for mitigation achieving the European Green Deal 2030 target. Commun Earth Environ 5, 256 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247- 024-01416-5
Amendment 72 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Recital H a (new)
Recital H a (new)
Ha. whereas many impacts of climate change are felt through water, such as more intense and frequent droughts, more extreme flooding, more erratic seasonal rainfall; whereas climate change exacerbates water scarcity, a growing problem in many parts of the world1a; _________________ 1a https://sdgs.un.org/sites/default/files/2024 -06/UN_System- wide_Strategy_for_Water_and_Sanitation _Advance_May2024_0.pdf
Amendment 88 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Recital K
Recital K
K. whereas the EU’s 8th Environment Action Programme (8th EAP) calls for an immediate phase out of subsidies for fossil fuels; whereas the European Scientific Advisory Board on Climate Change highlights the need to urgently and fully phase out harmful fossil fuel subsidies across the EU;
Amendment 90 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Recital K
Recital K
K. whereas the European Scientific Advisory Board on Climate Change highlights the need to urgently and fullyurges to align fully the EU policies with the need to phase out fossil fuels across the EU, including by swift phase out harmfuof all fossil fuel subsidies across the EU;
Amendment 111 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Paragraph 1
Paragraph 1
1. Takes note of the outcome of the first GST at COP28, which recognises that limiting global warming to 1.5 °C with no or limited overshoot requires a peaking of global greenhouse gas emissions before 2025 and deep, rapid and sustained reductions in global GHG emissions of 43 % by 2030 and 60 % by 2035 relative to the 2019 level, reaching net zero GHG emissions by 2050;
Amendment 118 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Paragraph 2
Paragraph 2
2. Supports the COP28 call on the Parties to the UNFCCC to contribute to the global effort of tripling renewable energy capacity globally and doubling the global average annual rate of energy efficiency improvements by 2030; highlights that the water intensity for biofuel production is orders of magnitude higher than for fossil fuels and that the carbon capture and storage systems are as well very water- intensive1a and reiterates that at the time of changes in global water cycle the energy systems must consider water- energy nexus and adjust accordingly where sanitation services or ecosystem health might be put at risk; _________________ 1a UNESCO, 2024: The United Nations World Water Development Report 2024: Water for prosperity and peace)
Amendment 124 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Paragraph 2
Paragraph 2
2. Supports the COP28 call on the Parties to the UNFCCC to contribute to the global effort of tripling renewable energy capacity globally and doubling the global average annual rate of energy efficiency improvements by 2030; urges all Parties to adopt targets and policies to reach these targets and to reflect them in their NDCs;
Amendment 130 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Paragraph 3
Paragraph 3
3. Supports the COP28 call on the Parties to accelerate efforts towards the phase-down of unabated coal power, and to transition away from fossil fuels in energy systems in a just, orderly and equitable manner, with a view to accelerating action in this critical decade, so as to achieve net zero by 2050, in keeping with the science and agrees that decarbonisation through bioenergy should phase out the traditional use of biomass and factor in the carbon stock loss, or emissions from indirect land-use change and from the supply chain 1a ; reiterates its call on all Parties to work on developing a fossil fuel non- proliferation treaty; and pledging political support only to bioenergy supply chains sustainable in the long term without negative effect on world forest and other high-carbon ecosystems; _________________ 1a https://www.irena.org/- /media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/ 2023/Jun/IRENA_World_energy_transiti ons_outlook_2023.pdf?rev=db3ca01ecb4a 4ef8accb31d017934e97
Amendment 146 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Paragraph 5
Paragraph 5
5. Calls on all Parties to urgently scale up their climate targets and accompanying policies and raise the ambition of their NDCs to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °Cachieve a swift and just transition to climate neutral economies and pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C in line with the Paris Agreement and the outcome of the first GST; underlines the particular responsibility of all major emitters and the G20 countries to take the lead;
Amendment 151 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Paragraph 5 a (new)
Paragraph 5 a (new)
5a. Calls for a Progress report on ending deforestation by 2030 per the Glasgow Leaders’ Declaration on Forests and Land Use, as well as introduction of their vision and deliverables for 2025; Recognises that following the newly available science1a on carbon stocks of primary and old-growth forests, these forests should be mapped worldwide and provided protection from logging as they represent, next to their well-recognised adaptation role, a unique mitigation potential; _________________ 1a Keith, H., Kun, Z., Hugh, S. et al. Carbon carrying capacity in primary forests shows potential for mitigation achieving the European Green Deal 2030 target. Commun Earth Environ 5, 256 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247- 024-01416-5 (´´total biomass carbon stock per hectare (above- and below-ground, dead biomass) and found it was 1.6 times larger on average than modelled global maps for primary forests and 2.3 times for all forests. Note: ´´old-growth´´ mentioned as part of the category of primary forests as defined by FAO
Amendment 152 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Paragraph 5 a (new)
Paragraph 5 a (new)
5a. Strongly urges all Parties to come forward in their next NDCs with ambitious, quantified economy–wide absolute emission reduction targets, covering all greenhouse gases, sectors and categories and aligned with limiting global warming to 1.5°C, as informed by the latest science, in the light of different national circumstances;
Amendment 154 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Paragraph 5 b (new)
Paragraph 5 b (new)
5b. Calls on all Parties, including the EU, based on the COP26 decision regarding common time frames, to communicate, in 2025, an NDC for 2035, and to submit this in NDC by the deadline foreseen by the Paris Agreement;
Amendment 160 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Paragraph 6
Paragraph 6
6. Urges all Parties to ensure an outcome at COP29 with robust and rigorous rules for cooperative mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement and calls on the EU and its Member States to strictly defend a high level of climate integrity, based on the best available science, in the negotiations on the outstanding issues in order to ensure that the rules provide true emission reductions with no double counting and the highest level of accountability, monitoring and transparency;
Amendment 169 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Paragraph 7
Paragraph 7
7. Notes that the EU and its Member States are the largest providers of public climate finance, with all EU climate finance reaching an all-time high in 2022 of EUR 28.5 billion; notes with concern, however, that fossil fuel subsidies remained relatively stable at about EUR 56 billion (2022 prices) over the period 2015-2021, yet increased to EUR 123 billion in 20221a ; _________________ 1a https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/ind icators/fossil-fuel-subsidies
Amendment 170 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Paragraph 7
Paragraph 7
7. Notes that the EU and its Member States are the largest providers of public climate finance, with all EU climate finance reaching an all-time high in 2022 of EUR 28.5 billion and underlines the need for continued and increased contributions; in this respect, reiterates its call for a dedicated EU public finance mechanism that provides additional and adequate support towards delivering the EU's fair share of international climate finance goals;
Amendment 188 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Paragraph 9
Paragraph 9
9. Calls on all Parties to agree on a post-2025 new collective quantified goal on climate finance at COP29 with safeguards to reach the agreed quantum and timeframeand comprehensive monitoring and transparency mechanisms to reach the agreed quantum and timeframe; underlines that the new quantified goal must clearly reflect the increased need for climate finance globally and address both mitigation, adaptation and loss and damage in a balanced way; stresses that the current contributor base is insufficient, and therefore calls on other countries, especially emerging economies, to contribute towards the new quantified goal according to their financial capabilities; recalls that many developing countries' NDCs are conditional on international climate finance; highlights, therefore, that the provision of adequate climate finance is key to achieving the goal of the Paris Agreement;
Amendment 190 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Paragraph 9
Paragraph 9
9. Calls on all Parties to agree on a post-2025 new collective quantified goal (NCQG) on climate finance at COP29 with safeguards to reach the agreed quantum and timeframe; believes that the NCQG should consist of clear mechanism to track delivery of climate finance for mitigation, adaptation and loss and damage; underlines the need for transparency, accountability and integrity of climate finance;
Amendment 221 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Paragraph 12
Paragraph 12
12. Recalls that fossil fuels are responsible for over 75 % of all GHGs and are therefore the largest contributor to climate change; recalls the IEA’s assessment that there should be no new oil, gas or coal developments for emissions pathways that keep the global temperature increase below 1,5 °C1a; calls on all Parties to adopt plans to phase–out fossil fuels in keeping with the temperature goal of the Paris Agreement; _________________ 1a Net Zero Roadmap, September 2023
Amendment 228 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Paragraph 13
Paragraph 13
13. RStrongly regrets that fossil energy subsidies in the EU remained stable between 2010 and 2020, at around EUR 50 billion per year, and even increased to EUR 123 billion in 2022; recalls that the 8th Environmental Action Programme requires the Commission and the Member States to ‘set a deadline for the phasing out of fossil fuel subsidies consistent with the ambition of limiting global warming to 1.5 °C’; calls on the Commission to urgently make a proposal in this regard and on the Member States to take concrete measures resulting in a swift phase–out of all direct and indirect fossil fuel subsidies;
Amendment 232 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Paragraph 13 a (new)
Paragraph 13 a (new)
13a. Reiterates its call to end, as a matter of urgency, all direct and indirect fossil fuel subsidies in the EU as soon as possible and by 2025 at the latest, and other environmentally harmful subsidies as soon as possible and by 2027 at the latest, at both EU and Member State levels through the implementation of concrete policies, timelines and measures;
Amendment 236 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Paragraph 14
Paragraph 14
14. Is concerned that governments worldwide spent USD 620 billion in 2023 on subsidising the use of fossil fuels, which is significantly more than the USD 70 billion that was spent in 2023 on support for consumer-facing clean energy investments; encourages all Parties to end all direct and indirect fossil fuel subsidies as soon as possible; recalls that continued provisions of environmentally harmful subsidies prevent the Parties from meeting their climate targets and increases mitigation costs over time; calls on all Parties to ensure transparent reporting of their fossil fuels subsidies and to adopt immediate plans for their phase–out;
Amendment 249 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Paragraph 15
Paragraph 15
15. Underlines the need to step up adaptation action within the EU and globally to minimise the negative effects of climate change and biodiversity loss; calls therefore on the Commission to design legislative package for climate adaptation, with strong emphasis on nature-based and ecosystem approaches, to make the EU more resilient and to lead by example;
Amendment 252 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Paragraph 15
Paragraph 15
15. Underlines the need to step up adaptation action including with nature- based solutions within the EU and globally to minimise the negative effects of climate change, including on wellbeing and health, considering also the increasing heatwave related casualties, and biodiversity loss;
Amendment 257 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Paragraph 15 a (new)
Paragraph 15 a (new)
15a. Reiterates that climate change is projected to modify the availability of water resources, leading to a reduction of water availability in some water basins and that quantitative models identify a trend of increasing floods induced by climate change; welcomes the scientific suggestion1a that to cope with these conditions, robust nature-based solutions may be of even higher importance than previously thought; calls therefore for increased policy coherence and integration, taking into account the strong links that water management has with other policies (e.g. industrial, tourism, transport, energy) and for acting at the scale of the whole river basin deploying nature-based solutions, to substantially increase synergies and reduce trade-offs; _________________ 1a https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repos itory/handle/JRC115635
Amendment 259 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Paragraph 15 b (new)
Paragraph 15 b (new)
15b. Stresses the importance of development and implementation of National Adaptation Plans, including with focus on financial and technical assistance; considers critical closing the adaptation finance gap;
Amendment 262 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Paragraph 16
Paragraph 16
16. Welcomes the agreement on the framework for the global goal on adaptation (GGA) at COP28, namely the UAE Framework for Global Climate Resilience; highlights the need to translate the GGA into measurable outcomes and to track progress towards achieving the goal; calls on all Parties to adopt national adaptation plans with set targets and goals, and to update said plans every five years;
Amendment 305 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Paragraph 21
Paragraph 21
21. Stresses that climate goals cannot be achieved without the support and involvement of the public; calls on all Parties to raise awareness of climate change and related issues, combat mboth misinformation and disinformation and work with public representatives to gain public support for mitigation and adaptation measures;
Amendment 312 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Paragraph 22
Paragraph 22
22. Recalls its resolution of 25 April 2024 on Azerbaijan and calls on the UNFCCC, all Parties and the authorities of Azerbaijan to ensure equitable access to COP29 and full and unrestricted participation for all citizens and civil society organisations; reiterates its call on the UNFCCC Secretariat to develop human rights criteria that countries hosting future COPs must commit to as part of the host agreement; calls on the UNFCCC Secretariat to monitor the compliance and to take action in case of breaches of such human rights criteria, including by moving the Conference elsewhere;
Amendment 322 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Subheading 6 a (new)
Subheading 6 a (new)
Underlines that effective access to justice in environmental matters, in line with the Aarhus Convention, is critical to achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement; believes that the EU and the Member States should lead by example and abide by the findings and recommendations of the Aarhus Convention’s Compliance Committee;
Amendment 351 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Paragraph 25
Paragraph 25
25. Takes note of the EU’s updated NDC; highlights that the EU’s current climate legislation will reduce the EU’s net GHG emissions by around 57 % compared to 1990 by 2030; strongly urges the Member States as well as the private sector to take all necessary actions to ensure that the target is reached;
Amendment 357 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Paragraph 25 a (new)
Paragraph 25 a (new)
25a. Underlines the need to adopt a science–based EU climate target for 2040 in accordance with the European Climate Law and as the basis for the EU's NDC for 2035 and 2040 and welcomes the Commission´s proposal for a 90 % reduction target as well as the commitment by president–elect Ursula von der Leyen in her political guidelines to enshrine the 90 % target in the Climate Law;
Amendment 377 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Paragraph 26
Paragraph 26
26. Reiterates the need to mainstream climate ambition into all EU policies and the measures transposing them, and underlines that Article 6(4) of the European Climate Law obliges the Commission to assess the consistency of any draft measure or legislative proposal, including budgetary proposals, with the EU’s climate targets; Recalls that according to the European Climate Law the Union’s and Member States’ actions should be guided by the precautionary and ‘polluter pays’ principles established in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, and should also take into account the ‘energy efficiency first’ principle of the Energy Union and the ‘do no harm’ principle of the European Green Deal;
Amendment 379 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Paragraph 26
Paragraph 26
26. Reiterates the need to mainstream climate ambition into all EU policies and the measures transposing them, and underlines that Article 6(4) of the European Climate Law obliges the Commission to assess the consistency of any draft measure or legislative proposal, including budgetary proposals, with the EU’s climate targets; urges the Commission to apply this rule rigorously and without exceptions;
Amendment 386 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Paragraph 27
Paragraph 27
27. Calls on the Member States and the Commission to ensure that the national energy and climate plans and long-term strategies of the Member States include sufficient action and financial means to achieve the EU’s 2030 targets and long– term objectives; expresses concern at the gap in ambition in the current plans and calls on all Member States to step up their climate action before it is too late;
Amendment 389 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Paragraph 27 a (new)
Paragraph 27 a (new)
27a. Calls on the Member States and the European Commission to fully and swiftly implement the European Green Deal, ensuring policy coherence between its goals and observing the ‘do no significant harm’ principle;
Amendment 394 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Paragraph 28
Paragraph 28
28. Stresses that the current geopolitical situation highlights the urgency of cutting the EU’s dependence on fossil fuels and the need to boost the deployment of renewables; Calls on the Member States and EU to accelerate transition from fossil fuels-based economy towards 100 % sustainable renewable energy;
Amendment 402 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Paragraph 28
Paragraph 28
28. Stresses that the current geopolitical situation highlights the urgency of cuttending the EU’s dependence on fossil fuels and the need to boost the deployment of renewables;
Amendment 407 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Paragraph 28 a (new)
Paragraph 28 a (new)
28a. Stresses the need to step up EU action on climate adaptation, resilience and preparedness by adopting binding EU legislation on climate adaptation, by taking action to improve water resilience, and by strengthening the EU Civil Protection Mechanism;
Amendment 411 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Paragraph 29
Paragraph 29
29. NotWelcomes the Council Decision of 4 March 2024 on the approval of the withdrawal of the European Atomic Energy Community from the Energy Charter Treaty;
Amendment 415 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Paragraph 29 a (new)
Paragraph 29 a (new)
29a. Notes that the GST highlights the importance of transitioning to sustainable lifestyles and sustainable patterns of consumption and production in efforts to address climate change, including through circular economy approaches, and underlines the need to continue to develop the circular economy in the EU, including by supporting innovation and investment in circular solutions and business models and markets for secondary raw materials;
Amendment 418 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Subheading 8
Subheading 8
The climate and environmental crisitriple planetary crisis: climate change, pollution and biodiversity loss
Amendment 424 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Paragraph 30
Paragraph 30
30. Underscores that the climate, pollution and biodiversity crises are interlinked; emphasises the importance of protecting, conserving and restoring biodiversity and ecosystems and of managing natural resources sustainably in order to enhance nature-based climate change mitigation;
Amendment 449 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Paragraph 32
Paragraph 32
32. Underlines that the conservation and restoration of high-carbon ecosystems such as peatlands, wetlands, rangelands, and blue carbon ecosystems offer a wide range of mitigation and adaptation benefits; calls on the Commission to develop the mapping of these ecosystems and develop methodologies for the accounting of carbon removals and emissions from those ecosystems in a manner that does not undermine other biodiversity objectives;
Amendment 451 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Paragraph 32
Paragraph 32
32. Underlines that the conservation and restoration of high-carbon ecosystems such as peatlands, wetlands, forests, traditional agroforestry systems, rangelands, and blue carbon ecosystems offer a wide range of mitigation and adaptation benefits; calls on the Commission to develop the mapping of these ecosystems and develop methodologies for the accounting of carbon removals and emissions from those ecosystems;
Amendment 469 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Paragraph 35
Paragraph 35
35. Emphasises that soil is the largest terrestrial carbon store with indispensable role in the global climate cycle; Welcomes all efforts by governments and non- governmental actors to maximise the potential of soils to mitigate climate change and to improve water availability; believes therefore that the conclusion of an EU agreement on the Soil Monitoring and Resilience Directive is of high importance to ensure EU’s resilience and adaptation to climate change;
Amendment 470 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Paragraph 35
Paragraph 35
35. Welcomes all efforts by governments and non-governmental actors to maximise the potential of soils to mitigate climate change and to improve water availability; stresses the need for global action to ensure clean and high– quality water;
Amendment 492 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Paragraph 38
Paragraph 38
38. Is concerned with the findings of scientists, according to which limits of the chemicals pollution planetary boundaries were exceeded1a; Stresses the need to combat chemical and plastic pollution; welcomes the ongoing work on the Global Plastics Treaty; and calls for accelerated action to achieve the comprehensive plan under the Global Framework on Chemicals towards ‘Planet Free of Harm from Chemicals and Waste’; _________________ 1a https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.1c 04158
Amendment 514 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Paragraph 40 a (new)
Paragraph 40 a (new)
40a. Calls on the Parties to put in place transformative changes in the way water and sanitation are perceived, valued, used and managed, and which cannot be brought about by the water and sanitation sectors alone, but need collective, cross- sectoral approach and solutions that leverage synergies and manage trade-offs across sectors to prevent global water crisis on the horizon, threatening ecosystem resilience, green transition, but also hard-won development gains, human rights and peace;
Amendment 577 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Paragraph 46 a (new)
Paragraph 46 a (new)
46a. Welcomes the fact that according to the World Bank, 24 % of global emissions are now covered by carbon pricing; nevertheless regrets that both the coverage and the pricing levels remain far too low to meet the Paris Agreement goals; urges all Parties to implement pricing of fossil fuels and fossil raw materials as part of their climate policies in line with the polluter pays principle and taking into account the need for a just transition, at a level corresponding to the necessary emissions reductions; stresses the need for a global approach towards carbon pricing;
Amendment 583 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Paragraph 47
Paragraph 47
47. Stresses the need to address the climate and environmental impact of the textile sector and urges the sector to take a bigger responsibility globally for its emissions across its value chain and product lifecycle; highlights, in this regard, the need for consistent and transparent standards and criteria to help consumers make informed choices and prevent greenwashing by ensuring that sustainability claims are backed by verifiable evidence;
Amendment 590 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Paragraph 48
Paragraph 48
48. Stresses the need to fight greenwashing by working towards establishing global standards for green claims; in this regard underlines the need to establish strict rules at the EU level;
Amendment 594 #
Draft motion for a resolution
Paragraph 49
Paragraph 49
49. Stresses that climate change and environmental degradation lead to scarcity of natural resources and water insecurity, can increase conflicts and tensions, as well as food shortages and natural catastrophes, and are major drivers of human displacement and threat multipliers;