61 Amendments of Marina KALJURAND related to 2020/2035(INL)
Amendment 6 #
Motion for a resolution
Citation 5 a (new)
Citation 5 a (new)
— having regard to the Commission communication of 12 November 2020 entitled ‘LGBTIQ Equality Strategy (2020-2025)’,
Amendment 9 #
Motion for a resolution
Citation 6
Citation 6
— having regard to the Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (“the Istanbul Convention”),
Amendment 19 #
Motion for a resolution
Citation 7 a (new)
Citation 7 a (new)
— having regard to its resolution of 11 March 2021 on the declaration of the EU as an LGBTIQ Freedom Zone,1a _________________ 1a Texts adopted, P9_TA(2021)0089
Amendment 41 #
Motion for a resolution
Citation 12 a (new)
Citation 12 a (new)
— having regard to the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women of 18 December 1979,
Amendment 42 #
Motion for a resolution
Citation 12 b (new)
Citation 12 b (new)
— having regard to the UN Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment of 10 December 1984,
Amendment 44 #
Motion for a resolution
Citation 12 c (new)
Citation 12 c (new)
— having regards to its resolution of 21 January 2021 on closing the digital gender gap: women’s participation in the digital economy,
Amendment 47 #
Motion for a resolution
Citation 12 d (new)
Citation 12 d (new)
— having regard to the report by the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) of March 2014 entitled ‘Violence against women: an EU-wide survey’,
Amendment 48 #
Motion for a resolution
Citation 12 e (new)
Citation 12 e (new)
Amendment 50 #
Motion for a resolution
Citation 13 a (new)
Citation 13 a (new)
— having regards to resolution of 11 February 2021 on challenges ahead for women’s rights in Europe: more than 25 years after the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action,
Amendment 52 #
Motion for a resolution
Citation 13 b (new)
Citation 13 b (new)
— having regard to its resolution of 17 April 2020 on EU coordinated action to combat the COVID-19 pandemic and its consequences,
Amendment 55 #
Motion for a resolution
Citation 13 c (new)
Citation 13 c (new)
— having regard to its resolution of 28 November 2019 on the EU’s accession to the Istanbul Convention and other measures to combat gender-based violence,
Amendment 56 #
Motion for a resolution
Citation 13 d (new)
Citation 13 d (new)
— having regard to its resolution of 13 February 2019 on experiencing a backlash in women’s rights and gender equality in the EU,
Amendment 57 #
Motion for a resolution
Citation 13 e (new)
Citation 13 e (new)
— having regard to its resolution of 11 September 2018 on measures to prevent and combat mobbing and sexual harassment at the workplace, in public spaces, and in political life in the EU,
Amendment 58 #
Motion for a resolution
Citation 14 a (new)
Citation 14 a (new)
— having regard to its resolution of 26 October 2017 on combating sexual harassment and abuse in the EU,
Amendment 59 #
Motion for a resolution
Citation 16 a (new)
Citation 16 a (new)
— having regard to the Fundamental Rights Agency’s ‘EU LGBTI Survey II: A long way to go for LGBTI equality',1a _________________ 1a https://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra _uploads/fra-2020-lgbti-equality-1_en.pdf
Amendment 63 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital A
Recital A
A. whereas the first objective of the Union’s Gender Equality Strategy 2020- 2025 focuses on ending gender-based violence and describes it as ‘one of our societies’ biggest challenges’; whereas the Union’s LGBTIQ Equality Strategy recalls that everyone has a right to safety, be it at home, in public or online;
Amendment 67 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital A a (new)
Recital A a (new)
A a. whereas in 2017 the EU signed the Istanbul Convention, which remains the benchmark for international standards for eradication of gender based violence, concluding the EU’s accession is a key priority for the Commission;
Amendment 71 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital B
Recital B
B. whereas violence against women and other forms of gender-based violence are widespread in the Union and are to be understood as an extreme form of discrimination; whereas gender-based violence is rooted in the unequal distribution of power between women and men, in sexism and gender norms and stereotypes, which have led to domination over and discrimination against women by menand girls in all their diversity by men; whereas gender-based violence also occurs due to perceived deviation from gender norms;
Amendment 85 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital C
Recital C
C. whereas violence against women and LGBTI persons and gender-based violence present different but not mutually exclusive forms and manifestations; whereas those different forms of violence are often interlinked with, and inseparable from, offline violence because they can precede, accompany or continue them;
Amendment 90 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital C a (new)
Recital C a (new)
C a. whereas innovation happens at a pace that often does not allow for reflection its long-term consequences, whereas rapid technological developments, such as the increasing reach of the internet, the spread of mobile information, and the widespread use of social media frequently give ground and generate new forms of gender-based violence online;
Amendment 99 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital D
Recital D
D. whereas currently there is no common definition or effective policy approach to combating gender-based cyber violence at EU or national level, whereas cyber harassment, cyber stalking, cyber bullying, trolling, online hate and sexist speech, flaming, doxxing and, impersonation, image- based sexual abuse and deep fakes are among the most common types of gender-based cyberviolence;, whereas some Member States have adopted specific legislation on some of those particular forms only; digital space is being used to lure women into pornography, prostitution and human trafficking, whereas several Member States have adopted specific legislation on some of those particular forms only, but the cross-border nature of gender-based cyber violence has yet to be properly addressed;
Amendment 103 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital D
Recital D
D. whereas cyber harassment, cyber stalking, cyber bullying, trolling, online hate speech, flaming, doxxing, dead- naming and image- based sexual abuse are among the most common types of gender- based cyberviolence; whereas some Member States have adopted specific legislation on some of those particular forms only;
Amendment 108 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital D a (new)
Recital D a (new)
D a. whereas hate speech against LGBTI persons is pervasively common, in particular online, and legislation is notably absent from some Member States’ legislative framework to prevent, address and sanction such forms of online abuse; whereas, at present, 15 Member States do not include gender identity in hate speech legislation; whereas the Commission has proposed to extend the list of ‘EU crimes’ under Article 83(1) TFEU to cover hate crime and hate speech, including when targeted at LGBTIQ people;
Amendment 120 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital E
Recital E
E. whereas, despite a growing awareness of the phenomenon of gender- based cyberviolence, the lack of collection of exhaustive and recent data and the underreporting of cases of gender-based cyberviolence prevents an accurate assessment of its prevalence; whereas the European added value assessment on gender-based cyberviolence estimates that between 4 and 7% of women in the Union have experienced cyber harassment during the past 12 months, while between 1 and 3% have experienced cyber stalking, whereas the prevalence of gender-based cyberviolence is likely to continue to rise in the coming years;
Amendment 129 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital F
Recital F
F. whereas women can be targeted by cyberviolence either individually or as members of a specific community;, including women from vulnerable groups, whereas intersectional forms of discrimination, including discrimination based on race, language, religion, belief, national or social origin, belonging to a national or ethnic minority, birth, sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression or sex characteristics, age, state of health, disability, marital status or migrant or refugee status, can exacerbate the consequences of gender- based cyberviolence;
Amendment 130 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital F
Recital F
F. whereas women in all their diversity can be targeted by cyberviolence either individually or as members of a specific community; whereas intersectional forms of discriminationtargeting of LGBTI persons is often on the grounds of their gender identity, gender expression or sex characteristics; whereas intersectional forms of discrimination increase the exposure to violence for women belonging to ethnic minorities, with disabilities, as well as lesbian, bisexual, transgender and intersex women, and can exacerbate the consequences of gender- based cyberviolence;
Amendment 142 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital G
Recital G
G. whereas some women, such as feminist and LGBTIQ+ activists, politicians, women in public positions, journalists, bloggers and human rights defenders, are particularly impacted by gender-based cyberviolence, and whereas this is causing not only psychological harm and suffering to them but also deterring them from participating digitally in political, social and cultural life;
Amendment 144 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital G
Recital G
G. whereas some women and LGBTI persons, such as politicians, women in public positions, journalists, bloggers and human rights defenders, are particularly impacted by gender-based cyberviolence, and whereas this is causing not only psychological harm and suffering to them but also deterring them from participating digitally in political, social and cultural life;
Amendment 150 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital G a (new)
Recital G a (new)
G a. Whereas the Commission has committed in its Gender Equality Strategy 2020-2025 and in the LGBTIQ Equality Strategy 2020-2025 to present an initiative with a view to extending the areas of crime where harmonisation is possible to specific forms of gender-based violence in accordance with Article 83(1) TFEU, including hate crime and hate speech targeting LGBTIQ people;
Amendment 152 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital H
Recital H
H. whereas gender-based cyberviolence has a direct impacts on women's mental health, on the full exercise of fundamental rights and even on democracy, and has and well-being, reflected in an increased incidence of depression and anxiety disorders, as well as social and economic impacts, which may include labour market impacts, through lower presence at work, risk of job loss or lover productivity, whereas cyberviolence can have a negative impact on victim's ability to fully exercise their fundamental rights, therefore, having consequences on society, including an economic impact and on democracy as a whole;
Amendment 159 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital H a (new)
Recital H a (new)
H a. Whereas jobs increasingly involve and become dependent on the digital solutions leading to an increasing risks of women encountering gender-based cyber violence while engaging in the labour market and economic activity;
Amendment 163 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital H b (new)
Recital H b (new)
H b. Whereas the EPRS study Combating gender-based violence: Cyber violence’ estimates the overall costs of cyber harassment and cyber stalking at between €49.0 and €89.3 billion with the largest cost category being the value of the loss in terms of quality of life, which accounted for more than half of the overall costs (about 60 % for cyber harassment and about 50 % for cyberstalking);
Amendment 168 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 1
Paragraph 1
1. Underlines that gender-based cyberviolence is a continuum of gender- based violence offline and that no policy alternative will be effective unlesshould be addressed by a set of legislative and non- legislative measures iat takes this reality into considerationhe EU level, as well as within Member States;
Amendment 186 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 2 a (new)
Paragraph 2 a (new)
2 a. Welcomes the Commission’s commitments under the LGBTIQ Equality Strategy 2020-2025 concerning hate speech online, and the proposal to extend the list of ‘EU crimes’ under Article 83(1) TFEU to cover hate crime and hate speech, including when targeted at LGBTIQ people;
Amendment 190 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 3
Paragraph 3
3. Stresses that the COVID-19 pandemic has increased the risk of domestic violence and abuse because victims are forced to spend more time with perpetrators and they tend to be more isolated from support networks; highlights that many LGBTI persons were forced to be confined with family members, legal guardians or co-habitants who harassed, abused or exposed them to violence; calls on Member States to increase the assistance they offer through specialised shelters, helplines and support services to protect victims and facilitate the reporting of gender-based violence;
Amendment 196 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 3
Paragraph 3
3. Stresses that the COVID-19 pandemic has increased the risk of domestic violence and abuseintimate partner violence and abuse has escalated during the COVID-19 pandemic because victims are forced to spend more time with perpetrators and they tend to be more isolated from support networks; calls on Member States to increase the assistance they offer through shelters, helplines and support services to protect victims and facilitate the reporting of gender-based violence;
Amendment 201 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 4
Paragraph 4
4. Underlines the transnational nature of gender-based cyberviolence, considering the cross-border dimension of the use of ICT, as well the rapid technological developments and digitalisation, generate new forms of gender-based cyberviolence, which undermines traceability and sanctioning of perpetrators;
Amendment 213 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 5
Paragraph 5
5. Calls on the Member States to promote awareness raising, to implement national criminal justice laws and specific policies, and programmes well as trainings, educational programmes and campaigns to prevent gender-based cyber violence and to fight against impunity for those who commit such acts; highlights the importance of gender equality in education curriculums to address gender stereotypes that lead to harmful gender norms, while dealing with the root causes of gender-based violence, including cyberviolence, notes that particular attention should be given in this respect to education of boys and men;
Amendment 237 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 6
Paragraph 6
6. Urges the Commission and the Member States to establish a reliable system for regularly collecting statistical disaggregated and comparable data on gender-based violence, including cyberviolence, including with the aim to conduct an EU wide study;
Amendment 246 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 7
Paragraph 7
7. Notes that inter alia stress, concentration problems, anxiety, panic attacks, low self-esteem, depression, post- traumatic stress disorder, lack of trust and lack of sense of control, caused by cyberviolence, can have an impact on mental health and may have life-long consequences on health and well-being of women experiencing it;
Amendment 248 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 7
Paragraph 7
7. Notes that inter alia stress, concentration problems, anxiety, panic attacks, low self-esteem, depression, post- traumatic stress disorder, lack of trust and lack of sense of control, caused by cyberviolence, can have an impact on mental health and may lead to self-harm and suicidal ideation;
Amendment 253 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 8
Paragraph 8
8. Underlines that apart from psychological impacts gender-based cyberviolence generates psychological, social and economic consequencesimplications on women’s life both online and offline;
Amendment 264 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 9
Paragraph 9
9. Calls on the Commission and the Member States to give particular attention to women belonging to groups put in a vulnerable situation as regards gender- based cyberviolence and to develop specific support services and educational programmes dedicated to those specific groups;
Amendment 271 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 10
Paragraph 10
10. Deplores the fact that gender-based cyberviolence reduces the participation of women in public debate which, as a consequence, erodes the democratic principles of the Union; regrets that that ‘silencing effect’ has been particularly aimed at targeting women activists, including feminist women and girls, LGBTIQ+ activists, artists, women in male-dominated industries, journalists and politicians with the intention of discouraging the presence of women in political lifeublic life, including politics and decision- making spheres;
Amendment 283 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 11
Paragraph 11
11. Recalls that gender stereotypes are at the core of gender discrimination and are one of the main barriers to the entry of women and girls in the ICT and digital fields; stresses the need to tackle the gender gap in the ICT sector through education, awareness-raising campaigns, professional trainings, appropriate funding and the promotion of the representation of women in the sector;
Amendment 285 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 11
Paragraph 11
11. Recalls that gender norms and stereotypes are at the core of gender discrimination and are one of the main barriers to the entry of women and girls in the ICT and digital fields; stresses the need to tackle the gender gap in the ICT sector through education, awareness-raising campaigns and the promotion of the representation of women in the sector;
Amendment 289 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 11 a (new)
Paragraph 11 a (new)
11 a. Recalls that the labelling of LGBTI persons as an ‘ideology’ is spreading in online and offline communication and the same is true with regard to ongoing campaigning against so-called ‘gender ideology’ or in favour of ‘anti-gender movements’; highlights that LGBTI activists are often the targets of defamation campaigns, online hate speech and cyberbullying and abuse due to their advocacy work for LGBTI equality;
Amendment 317 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 13
Paragraph 13
13. RecCalls thaton the Council is to urgently conclude the Union’s ratification of the Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (the ‘Istanbul Convention’) on the basis of a broad accession without any limitations, and to advocate for its ratification, swift and proper implementation, and enforcement by all Member States; underlines that the Istanbul Convention is the most comprehensive international treaty addressing the root causes of gender- based violence in all its forms and should be understood as a minimum standard; highlights that this call does not detract from the call to adopt a Union legal act on combating gender-based violence but, rather, complements it;, recalls that new legislative measures should in any case be coherent with the rights and obligations set by the Istanbul Convention and should be complementary to its ratification.
Amendment 326 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 14
Paragraph 14
14. Strongly reaffirms its commitment, as it has previously expressed, to tackle gender-based violence and to the need to have, reiterates its call for a comprehensive directive covering all its forms as the best way to put an end to gender-based violence;
Amendment 351 #
Motion for a resolution
Annex I – Recommendation 2 – paragraph 3
Annex I – Recommendation 2 – paragraph 3
The scope should cover any form of gender-based violence committed, assisted or aggravated in part or fully by the use of ICT, such as mobile phones and smartphones, the internet, social media platforms or email, against a woman because she is a woman, or affects women disproportionately. The scope should encompass gender-based violence against LGBTIQ persons, who are targeted because of their gender, gender identity, gender expression or sex characteristics.
Amendment 354 #
Motion for a resolution
Annex I – Recommendation 2 – paragraph 3
Annex I – Recommendation 2 – paragraph 3
The scope should cover anyll forms of gender-based violence committed, assisted or aggravated in part or fully by the use of ICT, such as mobile phones and smartphones, the internet, social media platforms or email, against a womaen because she is a woman, or affects women disproportionatelyof their gender.
Amendment 356 #
Motion for a resolution
Annex I – Recommendation 2 – paragraph 4 – indent 1
Annex I – Recommendation 2 – paragraph 4 – indent 1
- cyber harassment (including: cyberbullying, online sexual harassment, unsolicited receiving of sexually explicit material, mobbing);
Amendment 358 #
Motion for a resolution
Annex I – Recommendation 2 – paragraph 4 – indent 3
Annex I – Recommendation 2 – paragraph 4 – indent 3
- ICT-related violations of privacy (including the accessing, sharing and manipulation of private data or images, including intimate data without consent, image-based sexual abuse and non- consensual disclosure of sexual images, doxxing, dead-naming, identity theft);
Amendment 361 #
Motion for a resolution
Annex I – Recommendation 2 – paragraph 4 – indent 5
Annex I – Recommendation 2 – paragraph 4 – indent 5
- threats (including direct threats and threats of violence, extortion, sextortion, blackmail) directed at the victim, their children or relatives as well as other persons affected by second order violence;
Amendment 363 #
Motion for a resolution
Annex I – Recommendation 2 – paragraph 4 – indent 6
Annex I – Recommendation 2 – paragraph 4 – indent 6
- sexist, transphobic or interphobic hate speech (including: posting and sharing violent content, use of sexist or gendered comments and insults, abusing women for expressing their own views and for turning away sexual advances, inciting to hatred against individuals on grounds of their gender identity, expression or sex characteristics);
Amendment 367 #
Motion for a resolution
Annex I – Recommendation 2 – paragraph 4 – indent 9
Annex I – Recommendation 2 – paragraph 4 – indent 9
- "Real-World Attacks" (cyber violence having repercussions in “real life”), hacking and unlawful access to mobile, email, instant messaging messages or social media accounts;
Amendment 369 #
Motion for a resolution
Annex I – Recommendation 2 – paragraph 4 – indent 11
Annex I – Recommendation 2 – paragraph 4 – indent 11
- direct violence., including trafficking of women using technological means such as recruitment, luring women into prostitution and sharing stolen graphical content to advertise for prostitution, sexualised extortion (sextortion) and identity theft, as well as online grooming in order to bring the child into sexual abuse or child- trafficking situations;
Amendment 373 #
Motion for a resolution
Annex I – Recommendation 3 – paragraph 1 – introductory part
Annex I – Recommendation 3 – paragraph 1 – introductory part
Member States should implement a series of measures in order to prevent gender- based cyberviolence, having an intersectional approach:
Amendment 374 #
Motion for a resolution
Annex I – Recommendation 3 – paragraph 1 – indent 1
Annex I – Recommendation 3 – paragraph 1 – indent 1
- awareness-raising and educational programmes, including programmes addressed to boys and men, as well as campaigns involving all relevant actors and stakeholders to address the root causes of gender-based cyberviolence, within the general context of gender-based violence in order to bring about changes in social and cultural attitudes and remove gender stereotypes, while promoting responsible behaviour on social media and increasing literacy about the safe use of the internet;
Amendment 376 #
Motion for a resolution
Annex I – Recommendation 3 – paragraph 1 – indent 1
Annex I – Recommendation 3 – paragraph 1 – indent 1
- awareness-raising and educational programmes involving all relevant actors and stakeholders to address the root causes of gender-based cyberviolence, within the general context of gender-based violence in order to bring about changes in social and cultural attitudes and remove gender norms and stereotypes, while promoting responsible behaviour on social media and increasing literacy about the safe use of the internet;
Amendment 428 #
Motion for a resolution
Annex I – Recommendation 5 – paragraph 1 – indent 4
Annex I – Recommendation 5 – paragraph 1 – indent 4
- aggravating circumstances, depending on the profile of the women and, girls and LGBTI victims (exploiting specific characteristics, vulnerabilities of women and girl, girls and LGBTI persons online);