Dagmar ROTH-BEHRENDT

General Committees Dossiers (35) Activities Bio History Links

Constituencies

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Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands Germany 2009/07/14 - 2014/06/30
Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands Germany 2004/07/20 - 2009/07/13
Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands Germany 1999/07/20 - 2004/07/19
Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands Germany 1994/07/19 - 1999/07/19
Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands Germany 1989/07/25 - 1994/07/18

Groups

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SOC Member Socialist Group 1989/07/25 - 1993/04/20
PSE Member Group of the Party of European Socialists 1993/04/21 - 1994/07/18
PSE Member Group of the Party of European Socialists 1994/07/19 - 1999/07/19
PSE Member Group of the Party of European Socialists 1999/07/20 - 2004/07/19
PSE Member Socialist Group in the European Parliament 2004/07/20 - 2009/07/13
S&D Member Group of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats in the European Parliament 2009/07/14 - 2014/06/30

EP staff

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Vice-President of European Parliament 2004/07/20 - 2007/01/15
Vice-President of Parliament's Bureau 2004/07/20 - 2007/01/15
Vice-President of European Parliament 2009/07/14 - 2012/01/16
Member of Parliament's Bureau 2009/07/14 - 2012/01/16

Committees

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Role	Committee	Start	End
Substitute of	Committee on External Economic Relations	1989/07/26	1992/01/14
Vice-Chair of	Committee on Women's Rights	1989/07/26	1992/01/14
Member of	Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Consumer Protection	1989/07/26	1992/01/14
Member of	Committee on Women's Rights	1992/01/15	1994/07/18
Member of	Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Consumer Protection	1992/01/15	1994/07/18
Substitute of	Committee on Budgets	1992/01/28	1994/07/18
Substitute of	Committee on Budgets	1994/07/21	1997/01/15
Member of	Committee on Women's Rights	1994/07/21	1997/01/15
Member of	Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Consumer Protection	1994/07/21	1997/01/15
Member of	Temporary committee of inquiry into BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy)	1996/07/18	1997/02/20
Substitute of	Committee on Budgets	1997/01/16	1999/07/19
Substitute of	Committee on Women's Rights	1997/01/16	1999/07/19
Member of	Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Consumer Protection	1997/01/16	1999/07/19
Chair of	Temporary committee instructed to monitor the action taken on the recommendations made concerning BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy)	1997/04/24	1997/11/19
Member of	Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Consumer Policy	1999/07/21	2002/01/14
Substitute of	Committee on Legal Affairs and the Internal Market	1999/07/22	2002/01/14
Member of	Temporary committee on human genetics and other new technologies in modern medicine	2000/12/13	2001/11/29
Substitute of	Temporary committee on foot and mouth disease	2002/01/17	2002/12/17
Substitute of	Committee on Legal Affairs and the Internal Market	2002/01/17	2004/07/19
Member of	Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Consumer Policy	2002/01/17	2004/07/19
Substitute of	Committee on Legal Affairs	2004/07/21	2007/01/14
Member of	Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety	2004/07/21	2007/01/14
Substitute of	Committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection	2004/07/21	2007/01/14
Substitute of	Committee on Legal Affairs	2007/01/15	2007/01/30
Member of	Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety	2007/01/15	2007/01/30
Substitute of	Committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection	2007/01/15	2007/01/30
Substitute of	Committee on Legal Affairs	2007/01/31	2009/07/13
Member of	Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety	2007/01/31	2009/07/13
Substitute of	Committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection	2007/01/31	2009/07/13
Substitute of	Temporary Committee on Climate Change	2007/05/10	2009/02/04
Substitute of	Committee on Legal Affairs	2009/07/16	2012/01/18
Member of	Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety	2009/07/16	2012/01/18
Substitute of	Committee on Legal Affairs	2012/01/19	2014/06/30
Member of	Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety	2012/01/19	2014/06/30

Delegations

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Role	Delegation	Start	End
Member of	Delegation for relations with Bulgaria, Romania and Albania	1989/07/26	1992/01/14
Substitute of	Delegation for relations with the United States	1992/01/15	1992/03/27
Member of	Delegation for relations with Japan	1992/01/15	1993/02/10
Member of	Delegation for relations with Japan	1993/02/11	1994/01/31
Member of	Delegation for relations with Japan	1994/02/01	1994/07/18
Member of	Delegation for relations with Australia and New Zealand	1994/11/17	1995/07/11
Member of	Delegation for relations with Australia and New Zealand	1995/07/12	1997/01/15
Member of	Delegation for relations with Australia and New Zealand	1997/01/16	1997/10/13
Member of	Delegation for relations with Australia and New Zealand	1997/10/14	1999/02/23
Member of	Delegation for relations with Australia and New Zealand	1999/02/24	1999/07/19
Vice-Chair of	Delegation for relations with Australia and New Zealand	1999/07/22	2002/01/14
Vice-Chair of	Delegation for relations with Australia and New Zealand	2002/02/07	2004/07/19
Substitute of	Delegation for relations with Canada	2004/09/15	2007/03/13
Member of	Delegation for relations with Switzerland, Iceland and Norway and to the European Economic Area (EEA) Joint Parliamentary Committee	2004/09/15	2009/07/13
Substitute of	Delegation for relations with Canada	2007/03/14	2009/07/13
Substitute of	Delegation for relations with the United States	2009/09/16	2014/06/30
Member of	Delegation to the EU-Chile Joint Parliamentary Committee	2009/09/16	2014/06/30
Member of	Delegation to the Euro-Latin American Parliamentary Assembly	2009/09/16	2014/06/30

Rapporteur

Type	Dossier	Committee	Title
Responsible Committee	2013/0439(COD)	JURI Legal Affairs	Adjusting with the effect from 1 July 2012 the remuneration and pensions of the officials and other servants of the European Union and the correction coefficients applied thereto
Responsible Committee	2013/0438(COD)	JURI Legal Affairs	Adjusting with the effect from 1 July 2011 the remuneration and pension of the officials and other servants of the European Union and the correction coefficients applied thereto
Responsible Committee Shadow	2012/0267(COD)	ENVI Environment, Public Health and Food Safety	In vitro diagnostic medical devices
Former Responsible Committee	2012/0266(COD)	ENVI Environment, Public Health and Food Safety	Medical devices
Responsible Committee	2012/0224(COD)	JURI Legal Affairs	Accession of Croatia: special temporary measures for the recruitment of officials and temporary staff of the EU
Responsible Committee	2011/0455(COD)	JURI Legal Affairs	Staff Regulations of European Union officials: amendment of the Regulations
Responsible Committee Shadow	2011/0229(COD)	ENVI Environment, Public Health and Food Safety	Food safety: electronic identification of bovine animals and beef labelling
Responsible Committee Shadow	2011/0228(COD)	ENVI Environment, Public Health and Food Safety	Food safety: computer databases for identification of bovine animals and swine
Committee Opinion	2011/0177(APP)	JURI Legal Affairs	Multiannual financial framework for the years 2014-2020
Responsible Committee	2010/2249(INI)	ENVI Environment, Public Health and Food Safety	EU legislation on Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) and on related feed and food controls - implementation and outlook
Responsible Committee	2008/0035(COD)	ENVI Environment, Public Health and Food Safety	Cosmetic products. Recast. "Cosmetics Regulation"
Committee Opinion	2007/0089(CNS)	ENVI Environment, Public Health and Food Safety	Establishment of the Innovative Medicines Initiative Joint Undertaking
Responsible Committee	2004/0270B(COD)	ENVI Environment, Public Health and Food Safety	Prevention, control and eradication of certain transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs)
Former Responsible Committee	2004/0270B(COD)	ENVI Environment, Public Health and Food Safety	Prevention, control and eradication of certain transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs)
Responsible Committee	2004/0270(COD)	ENVI Environment, Public Health and Food Safety	Prevention, control and eradication of certain transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs): extension of the period for transitional measures
Responsible Committee	2000/0077(COD)	DELE EP Delegation to Conciliation Committee	Cosmetic products: animal experiments (7th amend. to "Cosmetics Directive" 76/768/EEC)
Former Responsible Committee	2000/0077(COD)	ENVI Environment, Public Health and Food Safety	Cosmetic products: animal experiments (7th amend. to "Cosmetics Directive" 76/768/EEC)
Former Responsible Committee	2000/0077(COD)	ENVI Environment, Public Health and Food Safety	Cosmetic products: animal experiments (7th amend. to "Cosmetics Directive" 76/768/EEC)
Former Committee Opinion	2000/0015(COD)	ENVI Environment, Public Health and Food Safety	Compound feedingstuffs: marketing, tracing, labelling (amend. Directive 79/373/EEC)
Committee Opinion	1999/2158(COS)	ENVI Environment, Public Health and Food Safety	Consumer protection: civil liability for defective products (direct. 85/374/EEC). Green paper
Committee Opinion	1999/2149(COS)	ENVI Environment, Public Health and Food Safety	World Trade Organisation (WTO): the Union's approach to the Millenium Round, 3rd conference of Seattle
Responsible Committee	1998/2220(COS)	ENVI Environment, Public Health and Food Safety	Bovine spongiform encephalopathy BSE. 1998 2nd biannual report
Committee Opinion	1998/0324(COD)	ENVI Environment, Public Health and Food Safety	Animal diseases and public health: scrapie (amend. direct. 91/68/EEC)
Responsible Committee	1998/0323(COD)	ENVI Environment, Public Health and Food Safety	Prevention, control and eradication of certain transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs)
Former Responsible Committee	1998/0323(COD)	ENVI Environment, Public Health and Food Safety	Prevention, control and eradication of certain transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs)
Committee Opinion	1997/2237(COS)	ENVI Environment, Public Health and Food Safety	Amsterdam draft treaty
Responsible Committee	1997/2093(COS)	ENVI Environment, Public Health and Food Safety	Cosmetics: development, validation and legal acceptance of alternative methods to animal experiments. 1996 report
Responsible Committee	1997/0244(COD)	ENVI Environment, Public Health and Food Safety	Protection of consumers: liability for defective products (amend. Directive 85/374/EEC)
Former Responsible Committee	1997/0244(COD)	ENVI Environment, Public Health and Food Safety	Protection of consumers: liability for defective products (amend. Directive 85/374/EEC)
Responsible Committee	1996/2158(COS)	ENVI Environment, Public Health and Food Safety	Cosmetics: development, validation and legal acceptance of alternative methods to animal experiments. 1995 report
Committee Opinion	1996/2013(COS)	ENVI Environment, Public Health and Food Safety	Amendment of the Treaty on European Union: convening an intergovernmental conference under art. N of the TUE
Responsible Committee	1994/2225(COS)	ENVI Environment, Public Health and Food Safety	Cosmetics: development, validation and legal acceptance of alternative methods to animal experiments. 1994 Report
Committee Opinion	1994/2193(INI)	ENVI Environment, Public Health and Food Safety	Assessment of the Reflection Group's work; EP political priorities for the Intergovernmental Conference
Committee Opinion	1993/1237(CNS)	ENVI Environment, Public Health and Food Safety	Seed marketing : beets, fodder, cereals, potatoes, etc...
Former Responsible Committee	1992/0426(COD)	ENVI Environment, Public Health and Food Safety	Novel foods and novel food ingredients

Activities

Stats

Amendment Co-authors

Name	Group	Country	Ams
Peter LIESE	PPE	Germany	24
Anne DELVAUX	PPE	Belgium	24
Anna ROSBACH	ECR	Denmark	24
Thomas ULMER	PPE	Germany	24
Alojz PETERLE	PPE	Slovenia	24
Miroslav MIKOLÁŠIK	PPE	Slovakia	24
Paolo BARTOLOZZI	PPE	Italy	24
Horst SCHNELLHARDT	PPE	Germany	24
Elena Oana ANTONESCU	PPE	Romania	24
Richard SEEBER	PPE	Austria	24
Jutta HAUG	S&D	Germany	24
Alda SOUSA	GUE/NGL	Portugal	17
Margrete AUKEN	Verts/ALE	Denmark	16
Jolanta Emilia HIBNER	PPE	Poland	15
Filip KACZMAREK	PPE	Poland	15
Zofija MAZEJ KUKOVIČ	PPE	Slovenia	11
Georgios KOUMOUTSAKOS	PPE	Greece	11
Åsa WESTLUND	S&D	Sweden	9
Sophie AUCONIE	PPE	France	8
Riikka PAKARINEN	ALDE	Finland	8
James NICHOLSON	ECR	United Kingdom	8
Bart STAES	Verts/ALE	Belgium	8
Philippe JUVIN	PPE	France	8
Anja WEISGERBER	PPE	Germany	7
Matthias GROOTE	S&D	Germany	7
Kerstin WESTPHAL	S&D	Germany	7
Kriton ARSENIS	S&D	Greece	5
Nessa CHILDERS	S&D	Ireland	5
Pavel POC	S&D	Czechia	5
Michèle RIVASI	Verts/ALE	France	4
Christel SCHALDEMOSE	S&D	Denmark	4
Corinne LEPAGE	ALDE	France	4
Jo LEINEN	S&D	Germany	4
Judith A. MERKIES	S&D	Netherlands	4
Csaba Sándor TABAJDI	S&D	Hungary	3
Justas Vincas PALECKIS	S&D	Lithuania	3
Françoise GROSSETÊTE	PPE	France	2
Dan JØRGENSEN	S&D	Denmark	2
Holger KRAHMER	ALDE	Germany	1
María SORNOSA MARTÍNEZ	PSE	Spain	1

By types

Amendments (327)
Opinions (2)
Plenary speeches (244)
Reports (21)
Shadow reports (3)

By dossiers

Count	Dossier Reference	Title
125	2012/0267(COD)	In vitro diagnostic medical devices
34	2008/0142(COD)	Patients' rights in cross-border healthcare
33	2008/0028(COD)	Food information to consumers
29	2012/0192(COD)	Clinical trials on medicinal products for human use
16	2013/0222(COD)	Medicinal products for human use: fees payable to the European Medicines Agency for the conduct of pharmacovigilance activities
13	2011/0435(COD)	Recognition of professional qualifications: European Professional Card supported by the Internal Market Information System (IMI)
12	2009/0076(COD)	Making available on the market and use of biocidal products
11	2012/0266(COD)	Medical devices
9	2008/0261(COD)	Medicinal products for human use: prevention of the entry into the legal supply chain of falsified medicinal products
8	2013/0136(COD)	Transmissible animal diseases
8	2011/0229(COD)	Food safety: electronic identification of bovine animals and beef labelling
5	2011/0429(COD)	Water policy: priority substances
5	2010/2249(INI)	EU legislation on Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) and on related feed and food controls - implementation and outlook
5	2008/0045(COD)	Medicinal products for human and veterinary use: marketing authorisations
5	2005/0037A(COD)	General programme "Fundamental Rights and Justice": specific programme "Fight against violence" - Daphne III Programme 2007-2013
4	2011/2193(INI)	Voluntary and unpaid donation of tissues and cells
4	2011/0339(COD)	Third programme for the Union's action in the field of health (2014-2020)
4	2008/0257(COD)	Medicinal products for human use: pharmacovigilance of products
4	2011/0455(COD)	Staff Regulations of European Union officials: amendment of the Regulations
4	2007/0064(COD)	Foodstuffs of animal origin: procedures for the establishment of residue limits of pharmacologically active substances
3	2011/0177(APP)	Multiannual financial framework for the years 2014-2020
3	2010/0208(COD)	Genetically modified organisms (GMOs): possibility for the Member States to restrict or prohibit the cultivation of GMOs in their territory
3	2008/0035(COD)	Cosmetic products. Recast. "Cosmetics Regulation"
3	2005/0118(CNS)	Common organisation of the markets in the sugar sector
3	2009/2002B(BUD)	2010 budget: other sections
3	2000/0077(COD)	Cosmetic products: animal experiments (7th amend. to "Cosmetics Directive" 76/768/EEC)
2	2013/0140(COD)	Official controls and other official activities performed to ensure the application of food and feed law, rules on animal health and welfare, plant health and plant protection products
2	2013/2061(INI)	eHealth Action Plan 2012-2020 - Innovative healthcare for the 21st century
2	2005/0227(COD)	Advanced therapy medicinal products
2	2005/0260(COD)	Coordination of certain provisions in Member States concerning the pursuit of television broadcasting activities ('Audiovisual media services without frontiers')
2	2006/2101(INI)	Services of general interest. White Paper
2	2004/0001(COD)	Services in the internal market. Services Directive
2	2010/2152(INI)	New trade policy for Europe under the Europe 2020 strategy
2	2011/2722(RSP)	Resolution on the Scheme for food distribution to the most deprived persons in the Union
2	2009/2134(INL)	Proposal for a modification of the Act concerning the election of the Members of the European Parliament by direct universal suffrage of 20 September 1976
2	2010/0057(NLE)	EU/Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru and Venezuela Geneva Agreement, and EU/US Agreement: trade in bananas
2	2010/3016(RSP)	Resolution on the Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (TBVI) - practical implementation of the Europe 2020 strategy with a view to meeting MDG 6 and eliminating tuberculosis by 2050
2	2010/2072(INI)	Funding and functioning of the European Globalisation Adjustment Fund
2	2010/2055(INI)	Interconnection of business registers
2	2009/2140(INI)	Implementation and review of Council Regulation (EC) No 44/2001 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters (Brussels I)
2	2010/2041(INI)	Social integration of women belonging to ethnic minority groups
2	2009/2205(INI)	Role of women in an ageing society
2	2010/2746(RSP)	Resolution on Iceland's application for membership of the European Union
2	2009/0127(COD)	General programme "Solidarity and Management of Migration Flows": European Refugee Fund (ERF) 2008-2013
2	2009/0138(COD)	Outermost regions: specific measures for agriculture
2	2004/0176(AVC)	EC/Tajikistan Partnership and Cooperation Agreement
2	1997/0244(COD)	Protection of consumers: liability for defective products (amend. Directive 85/374/EEC)
2	1998/0323(COD)	Prevention, control and eradication of certain transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs)
2	2004/0270B(COD)	Prevention, control and eradication of certain transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs)
1	2012/2092(BUD)	2013 general budget: all sections
1	2008/0260(COD)	Medicinal products for human use: pharmacovigilance of products
1	2008/2026(BUD)	2009 budget: Section III, Commission
1	2007/2605(RSP)	Resolution on natural disasters
1	2003/0257(COD)	Chemicals: classification, labelling, packaging, adaptation to the REACH Regulation (amend. Directive 67/548/EEC)
1	2005/2211(INI)	Road safety: the eCall system to citizens, 2nd communication eSafety
1	2005/2147(INI)	Demographic challenges and solidarity between the generations
1	2012/0366(COD)	Tobacco and related products: manufacture, presentation and sale
1	2011/2864(RSP)	Resolution on the EU response to HIV/AIDS in the EU and neighbouring countries, mid-term review of Commission Communication
1	2011/2023(INI)	Towards a stronger European disaster response: the role of civil protection and humanitarian assistance
1	2010/2138(INI)	Equality between women and men in the European Union — 2010
1	2010/2002(BUD)	2011 budget: draft mandate for the draft budget conciliation procedure before the first reading
1	2010/2037(INI)	Progress towards the achievement of the millenium development goals: mid-term review in preparation of the UN high-level meeting in September 2010
1	2009/2213(INI)	EU strategy for the relations with Latin America
1	2009/2614(RSP)	Resolution on the EU strategy for the Copenhagen Conference on Climate Change (COP 15)
1	2009/2718(RSP)	Resolution on democracy building in the EU's external relations
1	1998/2220(COS)	Bovine spongiform encephalopathy BSE. 1998 2nd biannual report
1	1997/2093(COS)	Cosmetics: development, validation and legal acceptance of alternative methods to animal experiments. 1996 report
1	1996/2158(COS)	Cosmetics: development, validation and legal acceptance of alternative methods to animal experiments. 1995 report
1	1992/0426(COD)	Novel foods and novel food ingredients
1	2004/0270(COD)	Prevention, control and eradication of certain transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs): extension of the period for transitional measures
1	2013/0438(COD)	Adjusting with the effect from 1 July 2011 the remuneration and pension of the officials and other servants of the European Union and the correction coefficients applied thereto
1	2013/0439(COD)	Adjusting with the effect from 1 July 2012 the remuneration and pensions of the officials and other servants of the European Union and the correction coefficients applied thereto
1	2012/0224(COD)	Accession of Croatia: special temporary measures for the recruitment of officials and temporary staff of the EU
1	2011/0228(COD)	Food safety: computer databases for identification of bovine animals and swine

See historical changes of the Bio

Born

1953/02/21 - Frankfurt/Main

1971-1977: studied law in Marburg; 1977-1979: judicial traineeship in Hesse and Berlin (completed): passed second state law examination.
1979-1989: first practised as a lawyer, then was employed as a legal adviser in the chancellery of the Governing Mayor of Berlin.
1985-1989: member of Spandau District Assembly.
1989: elected to the European Parliament. 1989-2004: spokeswoman (coordinator) of the Socialist Group on the environment, consumer protection and health policy.
1997: at the height of the BSE crisis, became Chair of the Temporary Committee to monitor the action taken on the recommendations made concerning BSE.
July 2004 - early 2007, and July 2009-early 2012: Vice-President of the European Parliament.
Early 2007 - end of the parliamentary term in 2009: Chair of the Working Group on the reform of the European Parliament, convened by the Conference of Presidents, which was responsible for drafting proposals for improving the working methods of Parliament and its bodies.
23 April 2009: awarded the Order of Merit, First Class, of the Federal Republic of Germany.
Early 2012 - early 2014: drafted a report for the President of the European Parliament on improving the efficiency and service-mindedness of Parliament's administration.

Dagmar ROTH-BEHRENDT on

History

Clear

(these mark the time of scraping, not the official date of the change)

2014-04-10Show (9) Changes | Timetravel

CV/0	1971-1977: studied law in Marburg; 1977-1979: judicial traineeship in Hesse and Berlin (completed): passed second state law examination.
CV/1	1979-1989: first practised as a lawyer, then was employed as a legal adviser in the chancellery of the Governing Mayor of Berlin.
CV/2	1985-1989: member of Spandau District Assembly.
CV/3	1989: elected to the European Parliament. 1989-2004: spokeswoman (coordinator) of the Socialist Group on the environment, consumer protection and health policy.
CV/4	Old Employed in the chancellery of the Governing Mayor of Berlin. New 1997: at the height of the BSE crisis, became Chair of the Temporary Committee to monitor the action taken on the recommendations made concerning BSE.
CV/5	Old First state law examination (1977). Second state law examination (1979). Lawyer New July 2004 - early 2007, and July 2009-early 2012: Vice-President of the European Parliament.
CV/6	Early 2007 - end of the parliamentary term in 2009: Chair of the Working Group on the reform of the European Parliament, convened by the Conference of Presidents, which was responsible for drafting proposals for improving the working methods of Parliament and its bodies.
CV/7	23 April 2009: awarded the Order of Merit, First Class, of the Federal Republic of Germany.
CV/8	Old Member of the European Parliament (since 1989). PSE spokeswoman on the environment, health policy and consumer protection (1989-2004). Chair, BSE Committee of Inquiry (1997). New Early 2012 - early 2014: drafted a report for the President of the European Parliament on improving the efficiency and service-mindedness of Parliament's administration.

2012-01-21Show (1) Changes

CV

First state law examination (1977). Second state law examination (1979). Lawyer
Employed in the chancellery of the Governing Mayor of Berlin.
Member of the European Parliament (since 1989). PSE spokeswoman on the environment, health policy and consumer protection (1989-2004). Chair, BSE Committee of Inquiry (1997).