Activities of Genowefa GRABOWSKA
Plenary speeches (138)
Towards a European constitution
Preparation of the European Council (18-19 June 2009) (debate)
Patients' rights in cross-border healthcare (debate)
Explanations of vote
Conclusions of the European Council (19-20 March 2009) (debate)
Preparation of the European Council (19-20 March 2008) - European Economic Recovery Plan - Guidelines for the Member States’ employment policies - Cohesion Policy: investing in the real economy (debate)
Explanations of vote
State of play of SIS II (debate)
Sanctions against employers of illegally staying third-country nationals (debate)
Sanctions against employers of illegally staying third-country nationals (debate)
Resettlement of Guantánamo prisoners - Alleged use of European countries by the CIA for the transport and illegal detention of prisoners (debate)
Protection of minorities in Europe (debate)
Presentation of the Czech Presidency's programme (debate)
Security features and biometrics in passports and travel documents (debate)
Developing civil dialogue under the Treaty of Lisbon (short presentation)
The situation of fundamental rights in the European Union (2004-2008) - European area of freedom, security and justice (debate)
Outcome of the European Council on 11-12 December 2008 - French Presidency’s term of office (debate)
Explanations of vote
Review of recommendation 2001/331/EC providing for minimum criteria for environmental inspection in the Member States (debate)
Response of the European Union to the deteriorating situation in the east of the Democratic Republic of Congo (debate)
Conditions of entry and residence of third-country nationals for the purposes of highly qualified employment - Single application procedure for residence and work
Variations to the terms of marketing authorisations for medicinal products - Counterfeiting of medicinal products (debate)
Explanations of vote
Erasmus Mundus programme (2009-2013) (debate)
Use by Parliament of the symbols of the Union (new Rule 202a) (debate)
Explanations of vote
Priorities of the European Parliament for the legislative and work programme of the Commission for 2009 (debate)
Explanations of vote
White Paper on Nutrition, Overweight and Obesity-related health issues (debate)
Combating terrorism - Protection of personal data (debate)
Mid-term review of the European Environment and Health Action Plan 2004-2010 (debate)
Classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures - Classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures (amendment of Directives 76/768/EEC, 88/378/EEC, 1999/13/EC, 2000/53/EC, 2002/96/EC and 2004/42/EC) - Classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures (amendment of Regulation (EC) No 648/2004) (debate)
Evaluation of EU sanctions as part of the EU's actions and policies in the area of human rights (debate)
Presentation of the programme of the French Presidency (debate)
The Commission's 2007 enlargement strategy paper (continuation of debate)
Results of the European Council meeting of 19 and 20 June 2008 in Brussels - Slovenian Presidency's term of office (debate)
Towards Europe-wide Safer, Cleaner and Efficient Mobility: The First Intelligent Car Report (debate)
Burma: continued detention of political prisoners
Preparation of the European Council following the Irish referendum (debate)
Explanations of vote
Common standards and procedures in Member States for returning illegally staying third-country nationals (debate)
Explanations of vote
2006 Annual report on the CFSP - Annual report on the implementation of the European Security Strategy and ESDP (continuation of debate)
Explanations of vote
Natural disaster in China (debate)
Progress made in equal opportunities and non-discrimination in the EU (debate)
Explanations of vote
Misleading 'Directory companies' (e.g. 'European City Guides') (debate)
Framework for the activities of lobbyists in the EU institutions (debate)
Explanations of vote
Revision of Council Directive 94/45/EC of 22 September 1994 on the establishment of a European Works Council (debate)
Human Rights in the World 2007 and the EU's policy on the matter - EU Election Observation Missions (debate)
One-minute speeches on matters of political importance
Green Paper on market-based instruments for environment and related policy purposes (debate)
Negotiations between the European Union and the United States with regard to visa exemptions (debate)
Illegal immigration, external action of the European Union and Frontex (debate)
European strategies on biological diversity (COP 9) and biosafety (COP-MOP 4) (debate)
Implementation of the posting of workers directive following the judgments of the Court of Justice (debate)
Cost of obtaining a visa for Belarusian and Ukrainian citizens (debate)
Explanations of vote
One-minute speeches on matters of political importance
Combating cancer in the enlarged EU (debate)
Mid-term review of the Sixth Community Environment Action Programme (debate)
Results of the European Council (Brussels, 13-14 March 2008) (debate)
Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment in Development Cooperation (debate)
Explanations of vote
Explanations of vote
Explanations of vote
Belarus
Treaty of Lisbon (debate)
Explanations of vote
Debate on the future of Europe (debate)
Freedom, security and justice (annual debate) (Articles 2 and 39 TEU) (debate)
Explanations of vote
Outcome of the Bali climate change conference (debate)
One-minute speeches on matters of political importance
Explanations of vote
Explanations of vote
Presentation of the programme of the Slovenian Presidency (debate)
Multiannual framework for the Fundamental Rights Agency for 2007-2012 (debate)
Towards an EU strategy on the rights of the child (debate)
Preparation of the European Council (Brussels, 13-14 December 2007) (debate)
Explanations of vote
Cooperation between the Fundamental Rights Agency and the Council of Europe (debate)
Maintenance obligations (debate)
Annual report of the European Union on Human Rights (debate)
Explanations of vote
Application of the Schengen acquis - Application of the Schengen acquis in the Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Slovenia and Slovakia (debate)
Explanations of vote
Explanations of vote
Membership of Parliament
Equal treatment between persons irrespective of racial or ethnic origin (debate)
Immigration - Legal migration - Policy priorities in the fight against illegal immigration of third-country nationals (debate)
Dangerous toys manufactured in China (debate)
Implementation of the Council decision on the moratorium against death penalty (debate)
Financing of the Special Court for Sierra Leone
Fight against terrorism (debate)
Risk of closure of Gdansk shipyard (debate)
Explanations of vote
Convening of the Intergovernmental Conference: opinion of the European Parliament (debate)
External dimension of the area of freedom, security and justice (continuation of debate)
Exchanges of information extracted from criminal records (debate)
Roadmap for the European Union's constitutional process (debate)
Debate on the future of Europe with the participation of the Prime Minister of Italy, Member of the European Council (debate)
Annual political strategy 2008 (debate)
EC-Russia short-stay visa agreement – EC-Russia readmission agreement (debate)
Moratorium on the death penalty (debate)
Enlargement strategy and main challenges 2006-2007 – The institutional aspects of the European Union’s capacity to integrate the new Member States (debate)
European Chemicals Agency – Amendment of Directive 67/548/EEC on dangerous substances (debate)
Legislative and work programme of the Commission for 2007 (debate)
Establishment, operation and use of SIS II (regulation) – Establishment, operation and use of SIS II (decision) – Access to SIS II by the services responsible for issuing vehicle registration certificates (debate)
Freedom, security and justice – Immigration (debate)
Situation in the Middle East (debate)
European Council (Brussels, 15-16 June 2006) (debate)
Implications of Case C-176/03 (debate)
Debate on the future of Europe with the participation of the Belgian Prime Minister, Member of the European Council (debate)
IIA on budgetary discipline and sound financial management – Conclusion of the IIA on budgetary discipline and sound financial management (debate)
Outcome of the screening of legislative proposals pending before the Legislator (debate)
Evaluation of the European arrest warrant (debate)
Guantánamo
Local border traffic (debate)
The period of reflection: structure, subjects and context for an assessment of the debate on the EU
Legislative and work programme for 2006
Activities of the European Ombudsman (2004)
Procedures in Member States for granting and withdrawing refugee status
Medicinal products for paediatric use
Financial Instrument for the Environment (LIFE +)
Preparations for the European Council, including the future of the Union after the referenda on the European constitution (Brussels, 16-17 June 2005)
Fight against terrorism
Framework agreement on EP–Commission relations
Situation in Kyrgyzstan and Central Asia
One-minute speeches on matters of political importance
Commission legislative and work programme (2005) (continuation of debate)
One-minute speeches on matters of political importance
Constitution for Europe
European Council of 4 and 5 November 2004
Statement by Mr Barroso, President-elect of the Commission
European Council/Irish presidency
Reports (6)
REPORT Report on the perspectives for developing civil dialogue under the Treaty of Lisbon PDF (150 KB) DOC (78 KB)
REPORT Report on the proposal for a Council regulation on jurisdiction, applicable law, recognition and enforcement of decisions and cooperation in matters relating to maintenance obligations PDF (130 KB) DOC (66 KB)
PDF (454 KB) DOC (450 KB)
REPORT Report on the recommendation for a Council decision concerning the accession of Bulgaria and Romania to the Convention of 17 June 1998, drawn up on the basis of Article K.3 of the Treaty on European Union, on driving disqualifications PDF (130 KB) DOC (65 KB)
REPORT on the recommendation for a Council decision concerning the accession of Bulgaria and Romania to the Convention of 29 May 2000, established by the Council in accordance with Article 34 of the Treaty on European Union, on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters between the Member States of the European Union PDF (129 KB) DOC (61 KB)
REPORT Report on the recommendation for a Council decision concerning the accession of Bulgaria and Romania to the Convention of 26 July 1995, based on Article K.3 of the Treaty on European Union, on the establishment of a European Police Office (Europol Convention) PDF (130 KB) DOC (64 KB)
Written declarations (3)
Amendments (18)
Amendment 5 #
2008/0041(COD)
Proposal for a regulation – amending act
Article 1 – point 1
Article 1 – point 1
Regulation (EC) No 562/2006
Article 7 – paragraph 3 – point a a – subparagraph 1 a (new)
Article 7 – paragraph 3 – point a a – subparagraph 1 a (new)
In duly justified cases, when all resources have been exhausted as regards staff, facilities and organisation of border checks, and where traffic of such intensity arises that the waiting time at the border crossing point becomes excessive, the consultation of the VIS may, by way of derogation from Article 18 of Regulation (EC) No xx/2008, be carried out only with the number of the visa sticker, for certain categories of persons. A decision to that effect shall be taken by the border guard in command, on the basis of the principle of proportionality and of a risk analysis in terms of internal security and illegal immigration. The above-mentioned exemptions from the systematic checks of the VIS should be treated as temporary and tailored to particular circumstances;
Amendment 58 #
2008/0013(COD)
Proposal for a directive – amending act
Recital 5
Recital 5
(5) In order to enhance the certainty and predictability of the Community scheme, provisions should be specified to increase the level of contribution of the Community scheme to achieving an overall reduction of more than 20%, in particular in view of the objective of the European Council for a 30% reduction by 2020 that is considered scientifically necessary to avoid dangerous climate change. Once the 30% emissions reduction target has been set, worldwide emissions reductions should be analysed, taking account of third countries. Efforts should be made to ensure, on the basis of scientific evidence, that the burden is fairly shared between the Community scheme and other sectors of the economy.
Amendment 148 #
2008/0013(COD)
Proposal for a directive – amending act
Recital 18
Recital 18
(18) Transitional free allocation to installations should be provided for through harmonised Community-wide rules ("benchmarks") in order to minimise distortions of competition with the Community. TRegardless of the specific criteria for individual industrial sectors, these rules should take account of the most greenhouse gas and energy efficient techniques, substitutes, generally applied alternative production processes, use of biomass, renewables and greenhouse gas capture and storage. Any such rules should not give incentives to increase emissions and ensure that an increasing proportion of these allowances is auctemission reduction potential, including technical potential. Any such rules should not give incentives to reduce specific emissioneds. Allocations must be fixed prior to the trading periodon the basis of the benchmarks so as to enable the market to function properly. They shall also avoid undue distortions of competition on the markets for electricity and heat supplied to industrial installations. These rules should apply equally to new entrants carrying out the same activities as existing installations receiving transitional free allocations. To avoid any distortion of competition within the internal market, no free allocation should be made in respect of the production of electricity by new entrants. Allowances which remain in the set-aside for new entrants in 2020 should be auctioned. For the purpose of determining the rules for establishing benchmarks in individual sectors, the Commission will consult the sectors concerned.
Amendment 153 #
2008/0013(COD)
Proposal for a directive – amending act
Recital 18
Recital 18
(18) Transitional free allocation to installations should be provided for through harmonised Community-wide rules ("benchmarks") in order to minimise distortions of competition with the Community. These rules should take account of the most greenhouse gas and energy efficient techniques, substitutes, alternative production processes, use of biomass, renewables and greenhouse gas capture and storage. Any such rules should not give incentives to increase emissions and ensure that an increasing proportion of these allowances is auctioned. Allocations must be fixed prior to the trading period so as to enable the market to function properly. They shall also avoid undue distortions of competition on the markets for electricity and heat supplied to industrial installations. These rules should apply to new entrants, with the exception of electricity produced from residual gases obtained from production processes carrying out the same activities as existing installations receiving transitional free allocations. To avoid any distortion of competition within the internal market, no free allocation should be made in respect of the production of electricity by new entrants. Allowances which remain in the set-aside for new entrants in 2020 should be auctioned.
Amendment 164 #
2008/0013(COD)
Proposal for a directive – amending act
Recital 19
Recital 19
(19) The Community will continue to take the lead in the negotiation of an ambitious international agreement that will achieve the objective of limiting global temperature increase to 2°C and is encouraged by the progress made in Bali towards this objective. In the event that other developed countries and other major emitters of greenhouse gases do not participate in this international agreement, this could lead to an increase in greenhouse gas emissions in third countries where industry would not be subject to comparable carbon constraints (“carbon leakage”), and at the same time could put certain energy- intensive sectors and sub-sectors in the Community which are subject to international competition at an economic disadvantage. This could undermine the environmental integrity and benefit of actions by the Community. To addressGiven the likelihood that the Community will suffer a substantial loss of market share thanks to installations outside the Community which do not take similar measures to restrict emission levels, the Directive should include an annex listing energy- intensive sectors of industry exposed to the risk of carbon leakage, t. The Community will continue to allocate all allowances free of charge up to 100% to sectors or sub- sectors meeting the relevant criteria for risk of carbon leakage. The definition of these sectors and sub-sectors and the measures required will be subject to re- assessment to ensure that action is taken where necessary and to avoid overcompensation. For those specific sectors or sub-sectors where it can be duly substantiated that the risk of carbon leakage cannot be prevented otherwise, where electricity constitutes a high proportion of production costs and is produced efficiently, the action taken may take into account the electricity consumption in the production process, without changing the total quantity of allowances.
Amendment 176 #
2008/0013(COD)
Proposal for a directive – amending act
Recital 20
Recital 20
(20) The Commission shouldwill therefore review the situation by June 2011 at the latest, consult with all relevant social partners, and, in the light of the outcome of the international negotiations, submit a report accompanied by any appropriate proposals. In this context, the Commission should identify whichn analytical report assessing the situation with particular reference to energy- intensive industry sectors or sub-sectors are likely to be subject to carbon leakage not later than 30 June 2010. It should base its analysis on the assessment of the inability to pass on the cost of required allowances in product prices without significant loss of market share to installations outside the Community not taking comparable action to reduce emissions. Energy-intensive industries which are determined to be exposed to a significant risk of carbon leakage could receive a higher amount of free allocation orsectors exposed to the risk of carbon leakage. The report should be accompanied by appropriate proposals on determining a share of emission limits to be allocated free of charge and also an effective carbonsystem of equalisation system could be introduced, with a view to putting installations from the Community which are at significant risk of carbon leakage and those from third countries on a comparable footing. Such a system could apply requirements to importers that would be no less favourable than those applicable to installations within the EU, for example by requiring the surrender of allowances. Any action taken would need to be in conformity with the principles of the UNFCCC, in particular the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, taking into account the particular situation of Least Developed Countries. It would also need to be in conformity with the international obligations of the Community including the WTO agreement.
Amendment 261 #
2008/0013(COD)
Proposal for a directive – amending act
Article 1 – point 2 – point (c)
Article 1 – point 2 – point (c)
Directive 2003/87/EC
Article 3 – point [(v)] (new)
Article 3 – point [(v)] (new)
[(v)] ‘Sectors exposed to serious risk of carbon leakage’ means sectors defined in accordance with the criteria laid down in Article 10a(9), which are included in Annex Ia (new) of this directive;
Amendment 347 #
2008/0013(COD)
Proposal for a directive – amending act
Article 1 - Point 7
Article 1 - Point 7
Directive 2003/87/EC
Article 10 - paragraph 3 a (new)
Article 10 - paragraph 3 a (new)
3a. The remainder of the revenues not used under paragraph 3, including all revenues from the auctioning referred to in paragraph 2(b), should be used: (a) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, to adapt to the impacts of climate change and to fund research and development for reducing emissions and adaptation, including participation in initiatives within the framework of the European Strategic Energy Technology Plan; (b) to develop renewable energies to meet the commitment of the Community to using 20% renewable energies by 2020; (c) to meet the commitment of the Community to increase energy efficiency by 20% by 2020; (d) for the capture and geological storage of greenhouse gases, in particular from coal power stations by investing in the necessary transport and storage infrastructure; (e) to finance research and development in energy efficiency and clean technologies in the sectors covered by the scope of the directive; (f) for additional measures to avoid deforestation, to promote sustainable afforestation and forest management in Europe, and produce and mobilise sustainable biomass in the Community; (g) to address the social aspects in lower- and middle-income households, for example by increasing their energy efficiency and insulation; (h) to encourage a shift to low emission forms of transport, including modal shift, and to offset the increased cost of power for electric traction in the rail sector; and (i) to cover administrative expenses of the management of the Community scheme.
Amendment 375 #
2008/0013(COD)
Proposal for a directive – amending act
Article 1 – point 8
Article 1 – point 8
Directive 2003/87/EC
Article 10a – paragraph 1
Article 10a – paragraph 1
1. The Commission shall, by 30 June 2011 at the latest, adopt Community wide and fully- harmonised implementing measures for allocating the allowances referred to in paragraphs 2 to 6 and 8 in a harmonised manner. Those measures, designed to amend non- essential elements of this Directive by supplementing it, shall be adopted in accordance with the regulatory procedure with scrutiny referred to in Article [23(3)]. In order to determine the rules for establishing benchmarks in individual sectors, the Commission shall consult the sectors concerned. The measures referred to in the first subparagraph shall, to the extent feasible, ensure that allocation takes place in a manner that gives incentives for greenhouse gas and energy efficient techniques and for reductions in emissions, by taking accounton the basis of the benchmarks and shall not give incentives to increase emissions. Regardless of the specific criteria for individual industrial sectors, account shall be taken of the most efficient techniques, substitutes, generally applied alternative production processes, use of biomass and greenhouse gas capture and storage, and shall not give incentives to increaseemission reduction potential, including technological potential. These measures shall encourage the reduction of specific emissions. No free allocation shall be made in respect of any electricity production. The Commission shall, upon the conclusion by the Community of an international agreement on climate change leading to mandatory reductions of greenhouse gas emissions comparable to those of the Community, review those measures to provide that free allocation only takes place where this is fully justified in the light of that agreement.
Amendment 405 #
2008/0013(COD)
Proposal for a directive – amending act
Article 1 – point 8
Article 1 – point 8
Directive 2003/87/EC
Article 10a – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 3
Article 10a – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 3
The measures referred to in the first subparagraph shall, to the extent feasible, ensure that allocation takes place in a manner that gives incentives for greenhouse gas and energy efficient techniques and for reductions in emissions, by taking account of the most efficient techniques, substitutes, alternative production processes, use of biomass and greenhouse gas capture and storage, and shall not give incentives to increase emissions. No free allocation shall be made in respect of any electricity production, with the exception of electricity produced from residual gases derived from production processes. When a residual gas obtained from a production process is used as a fuel, allowances shall be allocated to the operator of the installation producing this residual gas under the same rules as those applicable to the installation in question.
Amendment 485 #
2008/0013(COD)
Proposal for a directive – amending act
Article 1 – point 8
Article 1 – point 8
Directive 2003/87/EC
Article 10a – paragraph 6 – subparagraph 2
Article 10a – paragraph 6 – subparagraph 2
Amendment 494 #
2008/0013(COD)
Proposal for a directive – amending act
Article 1 – point 8
Article 1 – point 8
Directive 2003/87/EC
Article 10a – paragraph 6 – subparagraph 3
Article 10a – paragraph 6 – subparagraph 3
No free allocation shall be made in respect of any electricity production by new entrants with the exception of electricity produced from residual gases derived from production processes. When a residual gas obtained from a production process is used as a fuel, allowances shall be allocated to the operator of the installation producing this residual gas under the same rules as those applicable to the installation in question.
Amendment 513 #
2008/0013(COD)
Proposal for a directive – amending act
Article 1 – point 8
Article 1 – point 8
Directive 2003/87/EC
Article 10a – paragraph 7
Article 10a – paragraph 7
7. Subject to Article 10b, the amount of allowances allocated free of charge undershall be 100% of the quantity determined on the basis of paragraphs 3 to 6 1(3) of this Aarticle [and paragraph 2 of Article 3c] in 2013 shall be 80% of the quantity determined in accordance with the measures referred to in paragraph 1 and thereafter the free allocation shall decrease each year by equal amounts resulting in no free allocation in 2020.in 2013 and thereafter the free allocation shall decrease each year by equal amounts resulting in 80% free allocation in 2020. The Commission shall conduct a fresh analysis of this figure in 2020; further analyses shall be conducted every four years. The analysis shall take into consideration the influence on the natural environment and economic effects. Consultation shall be undertaken with all appropriate social partners. That measure, designed to amend non-essential elements of this directive by supplementing it, shall be adopted in accordance with the regulatory procedure with scrutiny referred to in Article [23(3)]
Amendment 529 #
2008/0013(COD)
Proposal for a directive – amending act
Article 1 – point 8
Article 1 – point 8
Directive 2003/87/EC
Article 10a – paragraph 8
Article 10a – paragraph 8
8. ISubject to Article 10b, in 2013 and in each subsequent year up to 2020, installations in sectors which are exposed to a significant risk of carbon leakage shall be allocated all allowances free of charge up to 100 percent of the quantity determined in accordance with paragraphs 2 to 61 to 3, without changing the overall quantity of allowances established in Article 9.
Amendment 551 #
2008/0013(COD)
Proposal for a regulation – amending act
Article 1 - point 8
Article 1 - point 8
Directive 2003/87/EC
Article 10a - paragraph 9 - subparagraphs 1, 2 and 3, introductory part
Article 10a - paragraph 9 - subparagraphs 1, 2 and 3, introductory part
Amendment 590 #
2008/0013(COD)
Proposal for a directive – amending act
Article 1 - point 8
Article 1 - point 8
Directive 2003/87/EC
Article 10b
Article 10b
1. Not later than June 2011, the Commission shall, in the light of the outcome of the international negotiations linked to COP 131 and the extent to which these lead to global greenhouse gas emission reductions, whilst guaranteeing equivalent treatment to competing industrial sectors and meeting the criteria set out in paragraph 3, and after consulting with all relevant social partners, submit to the European Parliament and to the Council an analytical report assessing, in particular, the situation with regard to energy-intensive sectors or sub-sectors that have been determined to be exposed to significant risks of carbon leakage. This2. The report referred to in paragraph 1 shall be accompanied by any appropriate proposals, which may include, taking into account the timetable for full implementation, shall seek to: – adjusting the proportion of allowances received free of charge by all those sectors or sub-sectors under Article 10a; – inclusion in the Community scheme of importers of products produced by the sectors or sub-sectors determined in accordance with Article 10a. Any binding sectoral agreements which lead to global emissions reductions of the magnitude required to effectively address climate change, and which are monitorable, verifiable and subject to mandatory enforcement arrangements shall also be taken into account when considering what measures are appropriatereferred to in Article 10a; – establish, in respect of carbon leakage not covered by other measures, carbon balancing systems for the exporters and importers of products produced by the sectors or sub-sectors determined in accordance with Article 10a. These systems shall not restrict the liquidity of the allowances market. Any binding sectoral agreements consistent with the appropriate criteria described in paragraph 3 and which are monitorable, verifiable and subject to mandatory enforcement arrangements shall also be taken into account when considering what measures are appropriate. 1 Conference of the parties to the UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) and third meeting of the parties to the Kyoto Protocol, held in Bali (Indonesia) from 3-14 December 2007.
Amendment 612 #
2008/0013(COD)
Proposal for a directive – amending act
Article 1 - point 8
Article 1 - point 8
Directive 2003/87/EC
Article 10b - paragraph 2 a (new)
Article 10b - paragraph 2 a (new)
Amendment 815 #
2008/0013(COD)
Proposal for a directive – amending act
Annex I a (new)
Annex I a (new)
Directive 2003/87/EC
Annex I a (new)
Annex I a (new)